The neutral hydrolysis of formamide in aqueous solution involving up to four explicit solvent molecules was theoretically investigated using high level ab initio methods and including the bulk solvent effect through the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM). We have analyzed cyclic transition states structures involving bifunctional catalysis and a general base catalysis structure. Both a stepwise mechanism with tetrahedral intermediate formation and a concerted mechanism were investigated. Our calculations at CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df,2p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level predict an observable activation free energy barrier of 48.7 kcal mol-1, corresponding to a stepwise water catalyzed mechanism with two water molecules into the transition state. Liquid phase geometry optimization was also performed, but the effect on the activation free energy is modest. Tests with density functional theory were carried out. The B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculation underestimates the barrier by 13 kcal mol-1, whereas the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p) method predicts an accurate barrier. The present study raises important questions about the reliability of the experimental activation free energy of 31.0 kcal mol-1 and suggests that the neutral hydrolysis of formamide does not take place at all.
amide hydrolysis; ab initio; reaction mechanism; bifunctional catalysis
