Griffiths et al.(2020 Griffiths J, Gager M, Alder N, Fawcett D, Waldmann C, Quinlan J. A self-report-based study of the incidence and associations of sexual dysfunction in survivors of intensive care treatment. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(3):445-51.)
|
United Kingdom |
127 |
N/R |
≥ 3 days of ICU |
Observational |
3, 6, and 12 months |
Regular outpatient clinic for survivors of the ICU with application of specific questionnaires |
43.7% reported symptoms of sexual dysfunction and there was relationship to PTS symptoms |
Modrykamien et al.(2626 Modrykamien AM. The ICU follow-up clinic: a new paradigm for intensivists. Respir Care. 2012;57(5):764-72.)
|
U.S.A. |
N/R |
N/R |
N/R |
Descriptive |
N/R |
Clinical follow-up and referral |
N/R |
Schmidt et al.(3131 Schmidt K, Worrack S, Von Korff M, Davydow D, Brunkhorst F, Ehlert U, Pausch C, Mehlhorn J, Schneider N, Scherag A, Freytag A, Reinhart K, Wensing M, Gensichen J; SMOOTH Study Group. Effect of a primary care management intervention on mental health-related quality of life among survivors of sepsis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(24):2703-11.)
|
Germany |
291 CG: 141 IG: 148 |
Nurse |
Sepsis and septic shock |
RCT |
6 months |
CG: primary care physicians IG: 12 months of regular contact with patients, reference to specialists, prescription of medications or other interventions. The intervention also consisted of training of primary care physicians and patients, management of cases provided by trained nurses, and clinical decision support (through specialists) for primary care physicians |
There was no difference in the main outcome of the study, which was the change in quality of life related to mental health between discharge from the ICU and 6 months after discharge from the ICU, measured by the SF-36 Mental Component |
Cuthberston et al.(3434 Cuthbertson BH, Cuthbertson BH, Rattray J, Campbell MK, Gager M, Roughton S, Smith A, Hull A, Breeman S, Norrie J, Jenkinson D, Hernández R, Johnston M, Wilson E, Waldmann C; PRaCTICaL study group. The PRaCTICaL study of nurse led, intensive care follow-up programmes for improving long term outcomes from critical illness: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009; 339:b3723.)
|
Scotland |
286 CG: 143 IG: 143 |
Doctor and nurse |
Patients discharged from the ICU |
Non-randomized CT |
3 and 9 months |
IG: self-monitored physical rehabilitation program started before hospital discharge, clinical evaluation by the nurse at 3, 9, and 12 months, discussion of ICU experiences, ICU visit, medication review, reference based on HADS score, cost analysis |
192 patients completed 1-year follow-up There were no differences between the two groups regarding quality of life (EQ-5D), incidence of PTSD (Davidson Trauma Scale), depression and anxiety (HADS) |
Lasiter et al.(3535 Lasiter S, Boustani MA. Critical Care Recovery Center: Making the Case for an Innovative Collaborative Care Model for ICU Survivors. Am J Nurs. 2015;115(13):24-46.)
|
U.S.A. |
53 |
N/R |
≥ 48 hours of MV or ≥ 48 hours of delirium |
Descriptive |
3 months |
Evaluation by the interdisciplinary team (intensive care physician, nurse, social worker) and the creation of a personalized care plan, including cognitive exercises, self-management training manuals, pharmacological and non-pharmacological prescriptions, and proactive referrals to community resources, neuropsychologists, and physical rehabilitation services |
Physical: patients who participated in 3 visits showed better physical performance in the 6-minute Walk Test and better leg strength over time Psychological: there were improvements in scores on anxiety, depression, and PTS scores |
Jones et al.(3636 Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD, Humphris GH, Ingleby S, Eddleston J, et al. Rehabilitation after critical illness: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(10):2456-61.)
|
United Kingdom |
126 |
N/R |
≥ 48 hours of ICU and patients in MV |
RCT |
8 weeks and 6 months |
CG: received in-room visits, 3 home phone calls, and clinical consultations at 8 weeks and 6 months IG: received the same as the control group + 6-week self-help rehabilitation manual |
There was improvement of the physical function (SF-36) in the intervention group, but the effect of the treatment may be related to the rehabilitation intervention, and not to the outpatient procedure per se |
Engstrom et al.(3939 Engström A, Andersson S, Söderberg S. Re-visiting the ICU experiences of follow-up visits to an ICU after discharge?: a qualitative study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2008;24(4):233-41.)
|
Sweden |
9 |
Doctor and nurse |
≥ 3 days of ICU and ≥ 24 hours of MV |
|
6 months |
Visit to ICU + debriefing about ICU stay + ICU diary review |
The thematic analysis of these interviews revealed four fundamental roles of the post-ICU clinic: - ICU staff and family members reported that "they are given the strength to return together" - Patients found that experience allowed "to give meaning to the experience of critical illness" - Patients "felt grateful to have survived," and both survivors and family members appreciated the opportunity to meet with the ICU staff - Patients and family members viewed the visits as an "opportunity to improve care" and to return to the give a feedback to the ICU about their positive and negative experiences |
Knowles et al.(3737 Knowles RE, Tarrier N. Evaluation of the effect of prospective patient diaries on emotional well-being in intensive care unit survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(1):184-91.)
|
United Kingdom |
36CG: 18 IG: 18 |
Nurse |
≥ 48 hours of ICU |
Pragmatic RCT |
2 months |
IG: access to a prospective ICU diary kept by ICU nurses about events, treatments, procedures, and monitored conditions together with a verbal feedback from an ICU nurse in the psychological well-being, compared to a control condition without treatment |
Prospective diaries designed to help patients understand what happened to them in the ICU significantly decreased anxiety and depression rates at the assessment performed 2 months after discharge from the ICU |
Jones et al.(3838 Jones C, Bäckman C, Capuzzo M, Egerod I, Flaatten H, Granja C, Rylander C, Griffiths RD; RACHEL group. Intensive care diaries reduce new onset post traumatic stress disorder following critical illness?: a randomised, controlled trial. Crit Care. 2010;14(5):R168.)
|
Europe |
352 CG: 175 IG: 177 |
N/R |
≥ 72 hours of ICU and ≥ 24 hours of MV |
RCT |
3 months |
IG: patients received their prospective ICU diary in the first month after discharge from the ICU. A final evaluation of the development of acute PTSD was made during the 3-month period |
The incidence of acute PTSD was significantly reduced in IG, especially in patients with higher scores |
Crocker(4040 Crocker C. A multidisciplinary follow-up clinic after patients' discharge from ITU. Br J Nurs. 2003;12(15):910-4.)
|
United Kingdom |
6 |
Physician, nurse, physical therapist, and occupational therapist |
≥ 4 days of ICU |
Description of cases |
2, 6, and 12 months |
Visit to ICU + referral to specialist = drug reconciliation + physical therapy and occupational therapy assistance |
Description of the experience of a multidisciplinary clinic |
Hall-Smith et al.(4141 Hall-Smith J, Ball C, Coakley J. Follow-up services and the development of a clinical nurse specialist in intensive care. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1997;13(5):243-8.)
|
United Kingdom |
26 |
Nurse |
≥ 5 days of ICU |
Unstructured interviews conducted by clients |
Room, 2, and 6 months |
Clinical interview |
Description of the neuropsychological and physical findings of patients |
Granja et al.(4242 Granja C, Morujão E, Costa-Pereira A. Quality of life in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors may be no worst than in other ICU survivors. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(10):1744-50.)
|
Portugal |
29 |
N/R |
ARDS |
Paired prospective cohort (patients without ARDS) |
6 months |
Evaluation in the post-ICU outpatient clinic |
The quality of life of patients with ARDS was similar to that of other critically ill patients |
Fletcher et al.(4343 Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, Misra VP, Kiff K, Coakley JH, et al. Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1012-6.)
|
United Kingdom |
22 |
N/R |
≥ 28 days of ICU |
Prospective Cohort |
N/R |
After consultation with a general practitioner, all patients were invited to follow-up with the post-ICU outpatient clinic |
Evaluation of the incidence of muscular weakness through electromyography |
Kvale et al.(4444 Kvale R, Ulvik A, Flaatten H. Follow-up after intensive care: a single center study. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(12):2149-56.)
|
Norway |
346 |
Physicians |
≥ 24 hours of ICU |
Prospective Cohort |
7 - 8 months |
Respond to a survey in the ICU post-discharge and refer to an expert |
Reduction of the quality of life (SF-36) in most patients |
Flatten(4545 Flaatten H. Follow-up after intensive care: another role for the intensivist? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49(7):919-21.)
|
Norway |
N/R |
N/R |
N/R |
Editorial and descriptive population statistics |
N/R |
Regular outpatient clinic for ICU survivors |
|
Sukantarat et al.(4646 Sukantarat K, Greer S, Brett S, Williamson R. Physical and psychological sequelae of critical illness. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12(Pt 1):65-74.)
|
United Kingdom |
51 |
N/R |
≥ 3 days of ICU |
Prospective, descriptive and correlational |
3 and 9 months |
Patients were recruited at a follow-up clinic at 3 and 9 months. No report on the clinic was included. The psychologist discussed the results of the research |
45 patients completed the study Large proportion of patients with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTS |
Holmes et al.(4747 Holmes A, Hodgins G, Adey S, Menzel S, Danne P, Kossmann T, et al. Trial of interpersonal counselling after major physical trauma. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41(11):926-33.)
|
Australia |
90 CG: 39 IG: 51 |
Physician |
Polytrauma with ≥ 24 hours of MV |
RCT |
3 and 6 months |
CG: Interpersonal counseling with trained psychiatrist |
77 patients completed the study The intervention was not effective to reduce psychiatric morbidity after a physical trauma, which can increase morbidity in vulnerable individuals |
Douglas et al.(4848 Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Kelley CG, O´Toole E, Montenegro H. Chronically critically ill patients: health-related quality of life and resource use after a disease management intervention. Am J Crit Care. 2007;16(5):447-57.)
|
U.S.A. |
335 CG: 103 IG: 231 |
Nurse |
≥ 3 days of MV |
Near-experiment |
2 months |
Intervention centered on case management and interdisciplinary communication |
247 patients completed the study There was no difference in patients' quality of life (SF-8) |
Samuelson et al.(4949 Samuelson KA, Corrigan I. A nurse-led intensive care after-care programme - development, experiences and preliminary evaluation. Nurs Crit Care. 2009;14(5):254-63.)
|
Sweden |
170 |
Nurse |
≥ 48 hours of ICU |
Descriptive and evaluative |
2 - 3 months |
Visits in the ward (1-3 days after discharge from the ICU) + information flyer to patient + offer of a nurse telephone number for post-service + follow-up letter to provide information and offer a follow-up visit 2 - 3 months after discharge from ICU Patients' diaries with photographs were delivered. Long-term health rehabilitation counseling was provided, including identifying existing problems. A visit to the ICU, if they wished. |
82% of factual and delusional ICU memories 51% remembered the visit of the post-care ward 60% remembered the information pamphlet. Those who remembered evaluated the experience of the ward visit between 9.3 and 9.7 (out of 10). The 2-month follow-up visit achieved a median score by patients and family members Some patients described in detail how information, explanations, and support enabled them to complete the puzzle of ICU stay and helped them move forward |
Schandl et al.(5050 Schandl AR, Brattström OR, Svensson-Raskh A, Hellgren EM, Falkenhav MD, Sackey PV. Screening and treatment of problems after intensive care: a descriptive study of multidisciplinary follow-up. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2011;27(2):94-101.)
|
Sweden |
61 |
Physical therapist, pain clinician, and psychiatrist |
≥ 4 days of ICU |
Descriptive |
3, 6, and 12 months |
Visit to the ward + ICU diary + offer of follow-up at the clinic at 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge from the ICU |
Multidisciplinary follow-up was able to identify untreated physical and psychological problems |
Glimelius Peterson et al.(5151 Glimelius Petersson C, Bergbom I, Brodersen K, Ringdal M. Patients' participation in and evaluation of a follow-up program following intensive care. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(7):827-34.)
|
Sweden |
96 |
Physician and nurse |
≥72 h of ICU |
Exploratory |
Immediate discharge, 2 and 6 months |
In-room and clinic visit + outpatient or telephone follow-up |
Reported as important by patients to elucidate doubts |
Dettling-Ihnenfeldt et al.(5252 Dettling-Ihnenfeldt DS, De Graaff AE, Nollet F, Van Der Schaaf M. Feasibility of Post-Intensive Care Unit Clinics: an observational cohort study of two different approaches. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(8):865-75.)
|
Netherlands |
65 |
N/R |
≥ 48 hours of VM |
Prospective cohort |
3 months |
Comparison of 2 post-ICU outpatient clinics models (evaluation by SF-36 and HADS) |
Most patients had significant functional restrictions |
Jensen et al.(5353 Jensen JF, Egerod I, Bestle MH, Christensen DF, Elklit A, Hansen RL, et al. A recovery program to improve quality of life, sense of coherence and psychological health in ICU survivors: a multicenter randomized controlled trial, the RAPIT study. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(11):1733-43.)
|
Denmark |
386 CG: 196 IG: 190 |
Nurse |
≥ 48 hours of MV |
RCT |
1 - 3, 5, and 10 months |
IG: recovery program based on theoretical approaches to psychological recovery, including Antonovsky's salutogenic model, disease narratives, person-centered communication, elements of guided self-determination, and cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on trauma |
There was no difference in quality of life, risk of anxiety and depression, and sense of coherence |
Daffurn et al.(5454 Daffurn K, Bishop GF, Hillman KM, Bauman A. Problems following discharge after intensive care. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1994;10(4):244-51.)
|
Australia |
54 |
Physician and nurse |
≥ 48 hours of ICU |
Prospective cohort |
3 months |
Semi-structured interview + clinical examination + ICU visit + referral to medical specialists or other health professional |
Patients presented mild-moderate physical and psychosocial sequelae, but these symptoms did not impede their activities of daily living |
Waldmann(5555 Waldmann CS. Intensive care after intensive care. Curr Anaesth Crit Care. 1998;9:134-9.)
|
United Kingdom |
N/R |
Physician and nurse |
≥ 4 days of ICU |
Theoretical with descriptive statistics |
2, 6, and 12 months |
ICU visit + specialist referral + tracheostomy management + pulmonary function tests |
N/R |
Eddleston et al.(5656 Eddleston JM, White P, Guthrie E. Survival, morbidity, and quality of life after discharge from intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(7):2293-9.)
|
United Kingdom |
143 |
N/R |
Patients discharged from the ICU |
Prospective cohort |
3 months |
Visit the clinic in the third month for evaluation |
Description of the findings referring to patients' quality of life |
Sharland(5757 Sharland C. Setting up a nurse-led clinc. In: Griffiths RD, Jones C, editors. Intensive care aftercare. 1st ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; 2002. p. 96-113.)
|
United Kingdom |
N/R |
N/R |
≥ 4 days of ICU or referenced by ICU staff |
N/R |
2, 6, and 12 months |
ICU visit + interview + information on rehabilitation + reference to specialists |
N/R |
Cutler et al.(5858 Cuttler L, Brightmore K, Colqhoun V, Dustan J, Gay M. Developing and evaluating critical care follow-up. Nurs Crit Care. 2003;8(3):116-25.)
|
United Kingdom |
N/R |
Nurse |
≥ 5 days of ICU |
N/R |
6 months |
ICU Visit after discharge |
N/R |
Combe(5959 Combe D. The use of patient diaries in an intensive care unit. Nurs Crit Care. 2005;10(1):31-4.)
|
United Kingdom |
35 |
N/R |
≥ 4 days of ICU |
Prospective cohort |
2, 6, and 12 months |
Patients received their ICU diary at the first consultation (2 months) at the clinic with a later informal meeting |
There was a better understanding of ICU events by the patients and improved communication with their family members |
Jones et al.(6060 Jones C, Hall S, Jackson S. Benchmarking a nurse-led counselling initiative. Nurs Times. 2008;104(38):32-4.)
|
United Kingdom |
39 |
Nurse |
Patients discharged from the ICU |
Prospective audit |
N/R |
Nursing counseling |
Patients required fewer counseling sessions. There was no difference in psychological outcome profiles |