| Cerniauskaite et al. (7) 2012 Italy |
To assess impact of stroke on quality of life and disability, and the relationship between both. |
Cross-sectional |
111 |
57 |
SF-36 WHODAS 2.0 |
53% reported that there was no change in health after the stroke; however the SF-36 score was lower when compared with the general population. Strong correlation (ƿ = 0.84 and 0.75) in the physical function domains of the SF-36 with the areas of mobility and domestic tasks, respectively, of the WHODAS (p < 0.01). |
| Quintas et al. (24) 2012 Italy |
To demonstrate that stroke alone does not explain the differences and variety of function and disability. |
Cross-sectional |
111 |
57 |
ICF |
47% reported moderate to severe gait compromise, and 25% in speaking and understanding. The most reported problems of body function were: function of memory, attention and muscles. In the environment component: family (92%) and healthcare professionals (82%) are the main facilitators. |
| Martins et al. (25) 2011 Brazil |
To describe profiles of disability and function by combining use of the ICD and ICF to evaluate survivors of stroke. |
Cross-sectional |
13 |
73 |
ICD ICF |
69% were classified as hemiplegic, and 31% hemiparetic. Of events coded by means of the ICF, the most reported body function problems were: movement function (34%), neuromuscular (27%) and damage to structures related to movement. 52% had compromise in activities and participation, mainly in daily domestic activities and tasks. |
| Hong et al. (22) 2010 South Korea |
To apply the DALY measure to quantify years of life lost due to disability. |
Cross-sectional |
1233 |
66 |
NIHSS mRS DALY |
35% were considered dependent for activities of daily living (mRS 3-6). The mean of years lost due to disability was 3.82 (IC 95% 3.68 to 3.96). |
| Coss et al. (6) 2010 Cuba |
To evaluate independence index in patients after stroke |
Cross-sectional |
22 |
30–90 |
Katz |
45% were aged 70 to 90 years. 41% were dependent for at least one of the six activities evaluated. 4.5% were dependent for all activities. |
| Carod-Artal et al. (5) 2009 Brazil |
To identify the determinants of quality of life in survivors of stroke. |
Cross-sectional |
260 |
55 |
Barthel Lawton SIS NIHSS mRS |
31.5% had severe disability (Barthel ≤ 60) and 35% moderate disability (Barthel 65-90). 49% were evaluated with mRS ≥ 3. Age (r = -0.20) and presence of other comorbidities (r = 0.35) were correlated to level of dependency. (p < 0.0001). Disability (Barthel) has high correlation with the physical domain of the SIS (r = 0.99). |
| Petrea et al. 2009 USA |
To explore gender difference in post-stroke disability and incidence in the Framingham Cohort. |
Cohort |
205 |
45–94 |
Katz |
Women are 4 times more likely than men to be dependent prior to stroke (OR = 4.3, p < 0.001) and six months after (OR = 3.7). 32% of women presented dependence for transfer, and 37% for walking. For men these percentages were 13% and 18%, respectively (OR = 2.3, OR = 1.91). Quality score: 11. |
| Gall et al. (28) 2008 Australia |
To define standard and level, and identify risk factors of disability five years after stroke. |
Cohort |
352 |
75 |
Barthel LHS; IDA |
45% of the cohort survived 5 years after stroke. Of those who survived, 70% are among the deciles representing disability (LHS < 90), mainly in the domains of physical independence, leisure and occupation. 47% showed dependence in some BADL (Barthel). Increasing age and recurrence of stroke are factors associated with greater disability.Quality score: 9. |
| Lo et al. (18) 2008 China |
To investigate changes in levels of disability in survivors of stroke, and identify their determinants. |
Cohort |
268 |
77 |
Barthel Lawton MMSE GDS LHS |
Three months after stroke, 24% were dependent in more than one BADL (Barthel < 14) and 30% was in the range 15 to 19. 19% were institutionalized. In the multilevel analysis, depression (GDS), functional disability (Barthel) and advancement of age were strongly associated with disability and severity (LHS) p < 0.001.Quality score: 10. |
| Appelros et al. (20) 2006 Sweden |
To verify the living scenario and need for assistance for ADL before and one year after stroke. |
Cohort |
253 |
75 |
Barthel FAI mRS GDS MMSE NIHSS |
37% of the cohort presented MRS ≥ 3. Before the stroke, 13% lived in institutions; one year after the stroke, 20% lived in institutions, and the factors associated with this change were prior dependency (OR = 17), cognitive impairment (OR = 12) and depression (OR = 4.5) p < 0.001. One year after the event, 36% of stroke survivors needed some help with BADL, and 59% required help with BADL. Quality score: 10. |
| Patel et al. (19) 2006 England |
To estimate level of disability and quality of life three years after stroke, and examine the relationship between the two domains. |
Cohort |
490 |
71 |
Barthel FAI SF-36 |
Three years after the stroke, 34% were independent and 26% were moderately to severely disabled (Barthel < 15). 51% were inactive (FAI < 15). Strong correlation (r = 0.79) between FAI and Barthel and strong correlation (r > 0.70) between the physical domain of the HRQOL and disability (Barthel). Quality score: 11. |
| Martins et al. (17) 2006 Portugal |
To evaluate the impact of stroke on quality of life and functional capacity nine months after hospital discharge. |
Cross-sectional |
273 |
69 |
Barthel FAI mRS COOP/WONCA |
36% of the sample was independent in BADL (Barthel), 47% had disability (mRS ≥ 3), and 29% were self-employed in IADL (FAI). Perception of quality of life (QOL) is strongly associated (0.70, p < 0.01) with functional capacity, the domain physical fitness was the most affected in the assessment of QOL. |
| Lin et al. (29) 2005 China |
To identify predictors of degree of disability one year after stroke. |
Cohort |
109 |
62 |
FIM |
The group classified with severe and very severe disability (59%) presented a mean FIM score of 65 and the group with mild to moderate disability (41%) showed mean FIM score of 87. In the regression model, bilateral involvement (OR = 10.8) and low FIM score (OR = 7.6) were associated with the highest level of disability. Quality score: 12 |
| Hardie et al. (23) 2004 Australia |
To determine frequency of recurrence of stroke and disability 10 years after first stroke. |
Cohort |
45 |
72 |
mRS |
10 years after the first stroke: approximately 15% were institutionalized, 46% were incapacitated. The risk of suffering from another stroke among the subjects of the cohort was 6 times greater than the general population, even after adjusting for sex and age (95% IC -4.5-7.4).Quality score: 12. |
| Widar et al. (26) 2002 Sweden |
To describe disability and pain in everyday life of survivors who cite pain after stroke. |
Cross-sectional |
43 |
33–82 |
Katz MPI-S |
46% were dependent for one or more BADL (Katz). 52% reported difficulties walking, and 50% depended on mobility equipment. 63% reported moderate pain, 37% reported severe pain. |
| Hankey et al. (21) 2002 Australia |
To describe disability and dependence five years after stroke in the city of Perth. |
Cohort |
277 |
73 |
Barthel FAI mRS MotrInd |
19% had some disability before the stroke. 45% of the cohort had died five years after the first stroke, 17.7% of the survivors were institutionalized, and 36% had some dependency for BADL. The cumulative risk of a new and greater disability was 36%. The prognostic factors of disability were old age (OR = 5.7 in the age range 75-84), recurrence of stroke and apathy in the first evaluation. Quality score: 9. |
