Therapeutic pulsed ultrasound:
|
Tascioglu et al. (2010) (13) |
82 |
CU x PU x placebo |
CU: 1 MHz, 2 W/cm², 5 min. PU: 1 MHz, 2 W/cm², 1:4; 5 minutes. 10 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT 20 minutes, goniometer |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, ROM, functional performance. |
All, ↑ pain, stiffness and physical function, PU ↑↑. |
8 |
Mao-Hsiung Huang et al. (2005) (14) |
120 |
PE x CU + PE x PU + PE x CG |
CU: 1MHz e 1.5W/cm², 5 minutes per each spot, totalizing 25 cm². PU: 1MHz e 2.5W/cm², 1:4, 5 minutes per each spot, totalizing 25 cm². 24 sessions. |
VAS, Lequesne, WT 50 minutes, goniometer, dynamometry. |
Pain, discomfort, physical function, MS, ROM, functional performance. |
All, except o CG, ↑ pain, discomfort and muscle strenght, with PU ↑↑. CU e PU ↑ walking speed e ROM. PU ↑↑ walking speed. |
5 |
Huang et al. (2005) (15) |
140 |
PE x PU + PE x PU + PE + HA x CG |
PU: 1 MHz, 2.5 W/cm², 1:4 per 5 minutes for each treated spot, on total of 25 cm². 24 sessions. |
VAS, Lequesne, WT 50 minutes, goniometer, dynamometry. |
Pain, discomfort, physical function, ROM, MS, functional performance. |
All, except CG, ↑ MS, pain and discomfort. Groups with PU ↑ROM and functional performance. PE+ PU +HA ↑ functional performance. |
7 |
Cakir et al. (2013) (16) |
58 |
PE + CU x PE + PU x PE + placebo |
CU: 1 MHz e 1 W/cm², 12 minutes. PU: 1 MHz, 1 W/cm², 1:4, 12 minutes 10 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT 20 minutes. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, functional performance. |
All ↑ |
7 |
Therapeutic continous ultrasound:
|
Mascarin et al. (2012) (5) |
40 |
TENS x CU x PE |
TENS: 100Hz e 50 µs, int till the sensory threshold, 20 minutes CU: 1MHz, 0.8 W/ cm², 3 a 4 minutes 24 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, goniometer, WT6’. |
Pain, physical function, functional performance, ROM. |
PE e CU ↑functional performance. All ↑ pain e physical function. |
6 |
Ozgonenel et al. (2008) (17) |
67 |
CU x placebo |
CU: 1 MHz / 1 W/cm², 5 minutes 10 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT 50 minutes. |
Pain, physical function, stiffness, functional performance. |
CU ↑ |
7 |
Luksurapan et al. (2013) (18) |
46 |
CU x PP |
CU: 1 MHz e 1W/cm², 10 minutes. PP: 1 MHz e 1W/cm², 10 minutes + Piroxicam. 10 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function. |
Both ↑, PP ↑↑, but without significant difference. |
10 |
Kulcu et al. (2009) (19) |
45 |
PEF x CU x CG |
PEF: 2 Hz, 100 Hz, 25 Hz, consecutively, 35 minutes. CU: 1 MHz, 1.5 W/cm2, 10 minutes. |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function. |
PEF e CU ↑. |
5 |
Özgüçlü et al.(2010) (20) |
40 |
PEF + HC + CU + PE x HC + CU + PE |
PEF: 50 Hz; 30-G; 90 seconds break, 30 minutes HC:20 minutes CU: 1 MHz e 1.5W/cm², 5 minutes 10 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function. |
Both ↑ |
6 |
Ulus et al. (2012) (21) |
42 |
CU + HC + IC + PE x Placebo + HC + IC + PE |
CU: 1 MHz e 1W/cm², 10 minutes HC: 20 minutes IC: 10 minutes 15 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT 50 minutes, Lequesne, HADS. |
Pain, physical function, stiffness, functional performance, discomfort, psychological state. |
Both ↑ |
7 |
Bennell et al. (2005) (22) |
119 |
MT x Placebo |
MT: 12 weeks of service + 12 weeks of self-management. |
VAS, WOMAC, Likert scale, SF-36, AQol, dynamometry, step test for balance. |
Pain, physical function, stiffness, patient’s global change, life quality, MS, body balance. |
Both ↑ pain and patient’s global change. |
8 |
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation:
|
Imoto et al. (2013) (6) |
82 |
NMEE + PE x CG |
NMEE: 50 Hz, 250µs, maximum tolerated intensity, TON: 10s, TOFF: 30s, 20 minutes |
VAS, TUG, Lequesne, DAL scale. |
Pain, physical function, functional performance, discomfort, DAL. |
NMEE ↑pain, physical function, discomfort and DAL. |
7 |
Vaz et al. (2013) (23) |
12 |
NMEE |
NMEE: 80 Hz, 400ms, maximum intensity tolerated. 24 sessions. |
WOMAC, ultrasonography, dynamometry. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, muscle structure, MS. |
NMEE ↑ muscle thickness increase and fascicle length, MS, pain, stiffness and physical function. |
- |
Elboim-Gabyzon et al. (2013) (24) |
50 |
NMEE + PE x PE |
NMEE: 75 Hz, 250µs, maximum tolerated intensity, TON: 10s, TOFF: 50s, 45 minutes 12 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT10m, TUG, U’nDT, myometry. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, functional performance, muscle performance. |
NMEE + PE ↑ pain and muscle activation. |
5 |
Durmus et al. (2007) (25) |
50 |
NMEE x Biofeedback + PE |
NMEE: 50 Hz, 200µs, visible contraction intensity, TON: 10s, TOFF: 10s, 20 minutes 20 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, MR test, 10 MR, WT 50 minutes, U’nDT. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, functional performance, MS. |
Both ↑ |
5 |
Gaines et al. (2004) (26) |
38 |
NMEE x CG |
NMEE: visible contraction intensity, TON: 10s, TOFF: 50s, 15 minutes. |
Pain diary, McGill pain quiz, AIMS2-PS. |
Pain. |
NMEE ↑ pain only after 15 minutes. |
5 |
Bruce-Brand et al.(2012) (27) |
41 |
PE x NMEE x CG |
NMEE: 50 Hz, 100-400µs, maximum tolerated intensity, TON: 10s, TOFF: 50s, 20 minutes. |
WOMAC, WT 25 minutes, GUSDT, U’nDT, SF-36, dynamometry, magnetic resonance. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, functional performance, life quality, muscle performance. |
NMEE e PE ↑ functional performance and increased cross-sectional area of the quadriceps. |
5 |
Burch et al. (2008) (28) |
116 |
IC + standardized muscle stimulation x TENS |
IC: 5.000Hz, 1 e 150Hz, mild tingling intensity, 15 minutes standardized muscle stimulation: 50Hz for 200ms each 1500ms, intensity between 3.39µs e 102.2µs, with average of 16.26 mA, 20 minutes TENS: 0.2 Hz, 300µs, 0.5mA of intensity, 35 minutes |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, life quality. |
IC + standarized muscle stimulation ↑ |
5 |
Palmieri-Smith et al. (2010) (29) |
30 |
NMEE x CG |
NMEE: 2.500Hz, 50 bursts/s, maximum tolerated intensity, TON: 10s, TOFF: 50s, 10 contractions. 12 sessions. |
WOMAC, dynamometry, WT 12-19 minutes. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, MS and muscle activation, functional performance. |
↔ |
7 |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation:
|
Law et al. (2004) (30) |
34 |
multiple frequencies TENS x placebo |
TENS: 25-35mA of intensity, Frequency: 2Hz ou 100Hz or 2/100Hz alternated; 576µs or 200µs or 576/200µs, respectively, 40 minutes 10 sessions. |
VAS, goniometer, TUG. |
Pain, ROM, functional performance. |
All, except placebo, ↑ |
7 |
Atamaz et al. (2012) (31) |
175 |
TENS + PE x IC + PE x SWD + PE x placebos + PE |
TENS: 80 Hz, 10-30mA intensity. IC: 100 Hz, 4KHz, tactile sensation intensity. SWD: 27.12MHz, 300W input and average of 3.2W. 15 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, goniometer, WT15m, Nottingham Health Profile. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, ROM, functional performance, life quality. |
TENS, IC, active SWD, lower intake of paracetamol. |
9 |
Cetin et al. (2008) (32) |
100 |
SWD + HC +PE x TENS + HC + PE x CU + HC + PE x HC +PE x PE |
SWD: I: 27.12 MHz, 15 minutes TENS: 60-110 Hz, 60 µs, no contraction maximum intensity, 20 minutes. CU: 1 MHz, 1.5 W/cm², 10 minutes. |
VAS, Lequesne, ISKOA, WT 50 minutes, dynamometry. |
Pain, discomfort, physical function, functional performance, MS. |
All ↑ pain and incapacity (ISKOA). All, except isolated PE, ↑ pain, discomfort, physical function e MS. SWD e TENS ↑↑ |
6 |
Cheing et al. (2004) (33) |
62 |
TENS x placebo x PE x TENS + PE |
TENS: 80 Hz, 140µs, tingling intensity, 60 minutes, 20 sessions. |
Dynamometry, spatiotemporal parameters of the march, goniometer. |
Muscle performance, ROM. |
TENS + PE shows a trend in the improvement of physical parameters, but showed no significant difference. |
5 |
Pietrosimone et al. (2011) (34) |
36 |
TENS + PE x placebo + PE x PE |
TENS: 150 Hz, 150µs, strong sensorial intensity, for at least 8 hrs a day, 12 sessions. |
WOMAC, dynamometry. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, muscle activation. |
TENS + PE ↑ muscle activation. All ↑pain, stiffness e physical function. |
7 |
Kolen et al. (2012) (35) |
74 |
TENS on different spots. |
TENS: 80 Hz, 100µs, maximum tolerated intensity, 30-45 minutes. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT6’, dynamometry, goniometer, HADS, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, satisfaction quiz. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, functional performance, muscle performance, ROM. |
TENS ↑ pain. ↑↑ when applied on low skin resistance spots. |
7 |
Selfe et al. (2008) (36) |
37 |
NIN x placebo. |
TENS on low resistance spots, 20-30 minutes, 17 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, SF-36. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, global evaluation, life quality. |
NIN ↑pain, without meaningful differences. NIN ↑ vitality (subscale SF-36) and global evaluation of the patient. |
7 |
Vance et al. (2012) (37) |
75 |
High frequencyTENS x low frequencyTENS x placebo |
TENS: 100Hz or 4Hz, 100µs, 10% below the motor threshold intensity, 40-50 minutes, 1 session. |
VAS, quantitative sensory testing, TUG. |
Pain, functional performance. |
All, except placebo, pressure pain. All ↑ rest pain TUG. |
8 |
Pietrosimone et al. (2009) (38) |
33 |
TENS x criotera- phy x CG |
TENS: 150Hz, 150µs, sensory intensity, 45 minutes Crioteraphy: 2 bags of 1.5L of ice, one on the front and another on the back of the knee, 20 minutes 1 session. |
Dynamometry. |
Muscle activation. |
All, except CG ↑ quadriceps activation immediately after application. |
6 |
Chen et al. (2013) (39) |
50 |
HA x TENS |
TENS: 3 Hz and 20 Hz, 200µs, maximum tolerated intensity, 20 minutes 12 sessions. HA: 2.5ml, 5 shots. |
VAS, Lequesne, goniometer, WT, pressure algometry. |
Pain, physical function, discomfort, ROM, functional performance, global evaluation, DAL. |
TENS ↑pain, discomfort and physical function. |
6 |
Paker et al. (2006) (40) |
60 |
HA x TENS |
TENS: 150Hz, 20 minutes per 1 hour. HA: 3 shots of hylan GF20. |
WOMAC, Lequesne, SF-36. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, discomfort, life quality. |
Both ↑pain, physical function e stiffness. A ↑↑physical function. |
6 |
Pietrosimone et al. (2010) (41) |
36 |
TENS + PE x placebo + PE x PE |
TENS: 150Hz, 150µs, Strong intensity without contraction for at least 8 hours a day. |
WOMAC, dynamometry, three-dimensional march analysis at 15 meters. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, functional performance, muscle activation, MS. |
All ↑ ↔ knee flexion angle. |
7 |
Pulsed electrical stimulation:
|
Fary et al. (2009) (42) |
3 |
PES |
PES: 100Hz, 2ms, subsensorial intensity, for at least 8 hours a day. |
VAS, Likert scale, SF-36, global perceived effect scale, accelerometry. |
Pain, physical function, global evaluation, life quality, exercise. |
PES ↑ symptoms, supported by up to 16 weeks. |
- |
Garland et al. (2007) (43) |
58 |
PES x placebo |
PES: 100 Hz, subsensorial intensity, 6 hours or more. |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, global evaluation. |
PES ↑ |
8 |
Fary et al. (2011) (44) |
70 |
PES x placebo |
PES: 100Hz, 4ms, 7 hours a day. |
VAS, WOMAC, SF-36, health survey, Human Activity Profile, accelerometry, perceived global effect scale. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function, life quality, exercise. |
Both ↑ |
10 |
Low level laser therapy:
|
Kheshie et al. (2014) (45) |
53 |
High intensity AL + PE x low intensity AL + PE x placebo + PE |
High intensity AL: Total power of 1250J, 610 to 810 mJ/cm2 application. Low intensity AL: Total power of 1250J, 800mW, 1KHz, 50 J/cm². |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, physical function. |
Both active ↑ High intensity AL ↑↑ |
7 |
Alfredo et al. (2011) (7) |
40 |
AL + PE x placebo + PE |
AL: 904nm, 700Hz, 60mW average, 20mW maximum, 27 J, 3 J/point total dose, 50 s. |
VAS, WOMAC, Lequesne, goniometer, dynamometry. |
Pain, physical function, ROM, MS, life quality. |
AL ↑ pain, physical function e ROM. |
8 |
Alghadir et al. (2013) (46) |
40 |
AL x placebo |
AL: 850 nm, 50mW, 6 J/point, 60s/point, with 48 J/cm². 8 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC, WT 15 minutes. |
Pain, physical function, functional performance. |
AL ↑ |
- |
egedus et al. (2009) (47) |
27 |
AL x placebo |
AL: 830 nm, 50mW, 6 J/point, 48 J/cm ² dose. LP: 0.5mW. 8 sessions. |
VAS, Ritchie index, goniometer, thermography. |
Pain, ROM, local micro-circulation, pressure sensitivity. |
AL ↑ |
6 |
Al Rashoud et al. (2014) (48) |
49 |
AL on acupuncture points + PE x placebo |
AL: 830nm, 30mW, 6 J total per session, 1.2 J/point, 4 J/cm², 5 points, 40 s. 9 sessions. |
VAS, SKFS. |
Pain, physical function. |
AL ↑ |
6 |
Yurtkuran et al. (2007) (49) |
52 |
AL on acupuncture points x placebo |
AL: 904 nm, 4 mW, 0.48 J dose, 10mW/cm² power density, 120s/point. 10 sessions. |
VAS, WT50m, knee circumferen-ce, Medial Tenderness Score, Nottingham Health Profile, WOMAC. |
Pain, functional performance, edema, knee sensibility, life quality, stiffness, physical function. |
AL ↑ edema reduction. |
8 |
Tascioglu et al.(2004) (50) |
60 |
3J AL x 1.5J AL x placebo |
AL 830nm, 50mW. 10 sessions. |
VAS, WOMAC. |
Pain, stiffness, physical function. |
↔ |
5 |