Hairy tongue |
Presence of plaques whose color may vary from white, tan, bluish, yellowish, green brown or black in the anterior two thirds of the tongue. An important feature is that the area of the lesion can be scraped off (1-3,5,6). The lesion is usually asymptomatic; however, the patient may report complaints of metallic taste, dysgeusia, nausea, burning mouth and halitosis 11 Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS. Diseases of the tongue. Clin Dermatol2016;34:458-469.,33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,55 Gurvits GE, Tan A. Black hairy tongue syndrome. World J Gastroenterol2014;20:10845-10850.,77 Korber A, Dissemond J. Black Hairy Tongue. N Engl J Med 20065;354:67-67.,1010 Patil S, Kaswan S, Rahman F, Doni B. Prevalence of tongue lesions in the Indian population. J Clin Exp Dent2013;5:e128-e132.. |
Oral hairy leukoplakia |
Presence of unilateral or bilateral, hairlike, white plaques on the lateral borders of the tongue 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,55 Gurvits GE, Tan A. Black hairy tongue syndrome. World J Gastroenterol2014;20:10845-10850.,66 Reamy B V, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. Am Fam Physician 2010;81:627-634.,1111 Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2015;20:e685-e692.,1212 Martins LL, Rosseto JHF, Andrade NS, Franco JB, Braz-Silva PH, Ortega KL. Diagnosis of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: The Importance of EBV In Situ Hybridization. Int J Dent 2017;2017:3457479.. It is due to Epstein-Barr virus infection in immunosuppressed or immunocompromised patients 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,55 Gurvits GE, Tan A. Black hairy tongue syndrome. World J Gastroenterol2014;20:10845-10850.,66 Reamy B V, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. Am Fam Physician 2010;81:627-634.,1111 Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2015;20:e685-e692.,1212 Martins LL, Rosseto JHF, Andrade NS, Franco JB, Braz-Silva PH, Ortega KL. Diagnosis of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: The Importance of EBV In Situ Hybridization. Int J Dent 2017;2017:3457479.. The plaques are adherent and, therefore, cannot be scraped off 11 Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS. Diseases of the tongue. Clin Dermatol2016;34:458-469.,1212 Martins LL, Rosseto JHF, Andrade NS, Franco JB, Braz-Silva PH, Ortega KL. Diagnosis of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: The Importance of EBV In Situ Hybridization. Int J Dent 2017;2017:3457479.. This pathology is usually asymptomatic 11 Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS. Diseases of the tongue. Clin Dermatol2016;34:458-469.,1212 Martins LL, Rosseto JHF, Andrade NS, Franco JB, Braz-Silva PH, Ortega KL. Diagnosis of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: The Importance of EBV In Situ Hybridization. Int J Dent 2017;2017:3457479.. The gold-standard technique used for detecting the Epstein-Barr virus is in situ hybridization 1212 Martins LL, Rosseto JHF, Andrade NS, Franco JB, Braz-Silva PH, Ortega KL. Diagnosis of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: The Importance of EBV In Situ Hybridization. Int J Dent 2017;2017:3457479.. |
Potentially malignant leukoplakia |
Presence of white adherent patch or plaques that can not scraped off 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,66 Reamy B V, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. Am Fam Physician 2010;81:627-634.,1111 Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2015;20:e685-e692.,1313 Parlatescu I, Gheorghe C, Coculescu E, Tovaru S. Oral leukoplakia - an update. Mædica2014;9:88-93.,1414 Van Der Waal I, Schepman KP, Van Der Meij EH, Smeele LE. Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological review. Oral Oncol 1997;33:291-301.. Particular attention should be given to the non-homogeneous leukoplakias nodular and verrucous types. Thus, tissue surface appearance of verrucous leukoplakia is a whitish, exophytic, proliferative and rough 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,1313 Parlatescu I, Gheorghe C, Coculescu E, Tovaru S. Oral leukoplakia - an update. Mædica2014;9:88-93.,1414 Van Der Waal I, Schepman KP, Van Der Meij EH, Smeele LE. Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological review. Oral Oncol 1997;33:291-301.. While, nodular leukoplakia is a small, round and white, exophytic tissue proliferation 1313 Parlatescu I, Gheorghe C, Coculescu E, Tovaru S. Oral leukoplakia - an update. Mædica2014;9:88-93.,1414 Van Der Waal I, Schepman KP, Van Der Meij EH, Smeele LE. Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological review. Oral Oncol 1997;33:291-301.. There may be reports of localized pain or discomfort. There is a risk of malignant transformation of the lesions 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,1111 Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2015;20:e685-e692.,1414 Van Der Waal I, Schepman KP, Van Der Meij EH, Smeele LE. Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological review. Oral Oncol 1997;33:291-301.. Biopsy and its respective histopathological exam is the gold standard for establishing the final diagnosis of leukoplakia 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.. |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
In early stages may present as white patch or plaque, which, can develop nodularity or ulceration, usually on lateral or ventral surface of the tongue 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.,66 Reamy B V, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. Am Fam Physician 2010;81:627-634.. This plaque cannot be scraped off. In this sense, verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma presenting a slow, rough, whitish, exophytic and locally destructive growth, with low risk of metastasis 1515 Kraus FT, Perezmesa C. Verrucous carcinoma. Clinical and pathologic study of 105 cases involving oral cavity, larynx and genitalia. Cancer1966;19:26-38.,1616 Hassona Y, Scully C. Verrucous Tongue Lesion. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2049.. Patient can reports presence of pain, ulcer, bleeding and loose teeth 66 Reamy B V, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. Am Fam Physician 2010;81:627-634.,1111 Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2015;20:e685-e692.,1313 Parlatescu I, Gheorghe C, Coculescu E, Tovaru S. Oral leukoplakia - an update. Mædica2014;9:88-93.,1414 Van Der Waal I, Schepman KP, Van Der Meij EH, Smeele LE. Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological review. Oral Oncol 1997;33:291-301.. Biopsy and its respective histopathological exam is the gold standard for establishing the final diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma 33 Villa A, Woo S Bin. Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:723-34.. |