Current study, 2017. |
Brazil/South Africa |
HIV-associated KS |
Tissue |
51 cases of KS ; 10 cases of pyogenic granuloma ; 10 cases of hemangioma |
Oral mucosa |
100% positive |
Langerhans cells |
IHC |
CD83 + ; CD207 + |
KS revealed a significantly lower CD207+ immature LC count and an increased CD207+ IDC than benign vascular oral lesions. Moreover, KS also showed an increased number of mature CD83+ IDC than benign vascular lesions. |
IHC |
CD83 + ; CD207 + |
KS revealed a significantly lower CD207+ immature LC count and an increased CD207+ IDC than benign vascular oral lesions. Moreover, KS also showed an increased number of mature CD83+ IDC than benign vascular lesions. |
Rappocciolo et al., 2017 |
USA |
NA |
Neonatal cord blood |
- |
NA |
NA |
Langerhans cells, Interstitial Dermal Dentritic cell, monocyte-derived dendritic cells. |
Flow Cytometry; Cell culture; Immunofluorescence; PCR |
HLA-DR CD1a CD11b CD14 CD91 CD80; CD86 CD83 ; CD209 CD207 |
HHV-8 can target both LC and iDDC for productive infection via different receptors and alter their function, supporting their potential role in HHV-8 pathogenesis and KS |
Flow Cytometry; Cell culture; Immunofluorescence; PCR |
HLA-DR CD1a CD11b CD14 CD91 CD80; CD86 CD83 ; CD209 CD207 |
HHV-8 can target both LC and iDDC for productive infection via different receptors and alter their function, supporting their potential role in HHV-8 pathogenesis and KS |
Jivan et al., 2016 |
South Africa |
HIV-associated KS |
Tissue |
Study groups: 15 cases of KS without Candida albicans co-infection ; 17 cases of KS with Candida albicans co-infection; Control groups: 23 cases of non-candida and non-HIV infected mucosa overlying pleomorphic adenomas ; 19 cases of oral candidosis from healthy patients |
Oral mucosa |
100% positive |
Langerhans cells |
IHC |
CD1a + |
Significant lower count of LC in non-Candida infected KS than in uninfected normal mucosa. |
IHC |
CD1a + |
Significant lower count of LC in non-Candida infected KS than in uninfected normal mucosa. |
Karouni et al., 2016 |
Lebanon |
Classic KS |
Tissue |
20 cases of KS ; 20 cases of mollusccum contagiosun |
Cutaneous |
100% negative |
Plasmacytoid DC |
IHC |
BDCA-2 + ; MxA + (to evaluate interferon production) |
pDCs are recruited into the skin lesions of classic KS, but there is a significantly lower plasmacytoid cells and lower interferon production in cKS than in mollusccum cases. |
IHC |
BDCA-2 + ; MxA + (to evaluate interferon production) |
pDCs are recruited into the skin lesions of classic KS, but there is a significantly lower plasmacytoid cells and lower interferon production in cKS than in mollusccum cases. |
Ramdial et al., 2011 |
UK/South Africa |
HIV-associated KS |
Tissue |
9 cases of anaplastic KS |
Cutaneous |
100% positive |
Langerhans cells |
IHC |
S100+ ; CD1a+ ; CD207+ |
Presence of an extensive amount of intratumoral Langerhans cells. |
IHC |
S100+ ; CD1a+ ; CD207+ |
Presence of an extensive amount of intratumoral Langerhans cells. |
West et al., 2011 |
USA |
NA |
Peripheral blood |
Health subjects ; Laboratorial HHV8 infected DC cells |
NA |
NA |
Plasmacytoid DC |
Flow cytometry; Cell culture |
BCDA4+ ; BDCA2+ ; CD303+ ; CD123+ ; CD83-/+ ; CD86-/+ |
KSHV can infect and activate human pDCs, as measured by upregulation of CD83 and CD86, and by IFN-α secretion. Induction of IFN-α occurs through activation of TLR9 signaling. |
Flow cytometry; Cell culture |
BCDA4+ ; BDCA2+ ; CD303+ ; CD123+ ; CD83-/+ ; CD86-/+ |
KSHV can infect and activate human pDCs, as measured by upregulation of CD83 and CD86, and by IFN-α secretion. Induction of IFN-α occurs through activation of TLR9 signaling. |
Bella et al., 2006. |
Italy |
Classic KS |
Peripheral blood |
76 KS ; 72 controls |
NA |
100% negative |
Myeloid cell ; Plasmacytoid cell ; Monocytes (DC precursor) |
Flow cytometry; Cell culture |
HLA-DR + ; CD3 - ; CD19 - ; CD20 - ; CD16 - ; CD14 - ; CD11c + ; CD123 + ; CD80 -/+ ; CD83 -/+ ; CD86 -/+ ; CD49c -/+ ; CD91 -/+ ; CD34 -/+ ; CD14 -/+ ; CD1a + ; CD40+ ; ILT2, 3, 4 + |
PBDC (both myeloid, plasmacytoid and monocytes) in cKS patients were significantly lower than controls, and was more severe in more advanced cases. PBDC expressing the HHV8 receptor CD49c was higher in cKS patients than in healthy control; |
Flow cytometry; Cell culture |
HLA-DR + ; CD3 - ; CD19 - ; CD20 - ; CD16 - ; CD14 - ; CD11c + ; CD123 + ; CD80 -/+ ; CD83 -/+ ; CD86 -/+ ; CD49c -/+ ; CD91 -/+ ; CD34 -/+ ; CD14 -/+ ; CD1a + ; CD40+ ; ILT2, 3, 4 + |
PBDC (both myeloid, plasmacytoid and monocytes) in cKS patients were significantly lower than controls, and was more severe in more advanced cases. PBDC expressing the HHV8 receptor CD49c was higher in cKS patients than in healthy control; |
Stebbing et al., 2003. |
UK |
HIV-associated KS |
Peripheral blood |
12 cases of HIV-positive ; KS patients; 6 cases of HIV-positive patients ; without KS |
NA |
100% positive |
Myeloid cell ; Plasmacytoid cell ; Monocytes (DC precursor) |
Flow cytometry; Cell culture |
CD3 - ; CD14 - ; CD16 - ; CD19 - ; HLA-DR + ; CD11c -/+ ; CD1a ; CD80 ; CD83 ; CD40 ; CD91 |
Despite the impaired functional capacity of DC in patients with KS, they retained the ability of activating and stimulating CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Plasmacytoid DCs were depleted in KS-positive compared with KS-negative HIV-1-infected patients. |
Flow cytometry; Cell culture |
CD3 - ; CD14 - ; CD16 - ; CD19 - ; HLA-DR + ; CD11c -/+ ; CD1a ; CD80 ; CD83 ; CD40 ; CD91 |
Despite the impaired functional capacity of DC in patients with KS, they retained the ability of activating and stimulating CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Plasmacytoid DCs were depleted in KS-positive compared with KS-negative HIV-1-infected patients. |
Simonart et al., 2000 |
Belgium |
Iatrogenic, sporadic and HIV-associated KS |
Cell cultures derived from tissue |
4 KS patients |
Cutaneous |
50% positive |
Dendritic cell |
IHC ; Flow cytometry ; Cell culture |
CD1a |
Less than 1% of the spindle cells cultured were positive for CD1a. Spindle cell cultures have nearly always given rise to cells with fibroblastic and/or smooth muscle cell differentiation. KS spindle cells lack endothelial and/or leucocyte markers. |
IHC ; Flow cytometry ; Cell culture |
CD1a |
Less than 1% of the spindle cells cultured were positive for CD1a. Spindle cell cultures have nearly always given rise to cells with fibroblastic and/or smooth muscle cell differentiation. KS spindle cells lack endothelial and/or leucocyte markers. |
Tabata et al., 1993 |
Germany/Japan |
HIV-associated KS |
Tissue |
15 cases of HIV+ KS 19 cases of oral mucosa of HIV+ patients 22 cases of oral mucosa of HIV- patients |
Oral mucosa |
100% positive |
Dendritic cells |
IHC |
HLA-DR + |
The number of HLA-DR+ cells was increased in patch-like and nodular KS compared to HIV+ and HIV- normal mucosa. |
IHC |
HLA-DR + |
The number of HLA-DR+ cells was increased in patch-like and nodular KS compared to HIV+ and HIV- normal mucosa. |
Kanitakis et al., 1992 |
France |
Classic KS Immunossupression-associated KS |
Tissue |
13 classic KS ;16 Immunes KS |
Cutaneous |
13 HIV+ patients |
Dermal dendrocytes |
IHC |
Factor XIIIa + ; Antigen H - |
Dermal dendrocytes density tended to be decreased in immunosuppression-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma when compared with classical form. The results do not support dermal dendrocytes as being the cells of origin of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Decreased density of dermal dendrocytes could be related with a more aggressive clinical course. |
IHC |
Factor XIIIa + ; Antigen H - |
Dermal dendrocytes density tended to be decreased in immunosuppression-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma when compared with classical form. The results do not support dermal dendrocytes as being the cells of origin of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Decreased density of dermal dendrocytes could be related with a more aggressive clinical course. |