Abou El Nasr, et al. (2014). «Dentinal damage and fracture resistance of oval roots prepared with single-file systems using different kinematics.» J Endod 40(6): 849-851. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
65 roots with oval canals, with mature apices |
Adorno, C. G., et al. (2009). «The effect of root preparation technique and instrumentation length on the development of apical root cracks.» J Endod 35(3): 389-392. |
Non-Destructive (apex)/Digital microscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
1% NaOCl |
40 mandibular premolars with straight roots |
Adorno, C. G., et al. (2010). «The effect of working length and root canal preparation technique on crack development in the apical root canal wall. Int Endod J 43(4): 321-327. |
Non-Destructive (apex)/Digital microscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
1% NaOCl |
70 mandibular premolars with straight roots |
Arias, A., et al. (2014). «Comparison of 2 canal preparation techniques in the induction of microcracks: a pilot study with cadaver mandibles.» J Endod 40(7): 982-985. |
Destructive/Microscope |
Hand, Reciprocating |
6% NaOCl |
3 lower incisors from each of 6 adult human cadaver skulls |
Ashwinkumar, V., et al. ,10,. “Effect of reciprocating file motion on microcrack formation in root canals: An SEM study.” Int Endod J 47(7): 622-627. |
Destructive/SEM |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
150 mandibular first molars with fully formed apices |
Aydin, U., et al. (2015). «Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid gel on the incidence of dentinal cracks caused by three novel nickel-titanium systems.» Aust Endod J 41(3): 104-110. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Reciprocating, Twisted File Adaptive |
2.5% NaOCl |
70 mandibular premolars with only one straight canal |
Bahrami, P., et al. (2017). «Detecting dentinal microcracks using different preparation techniques: an in situ study with cadaver mandibles.» J Endod 43(12): 2070-2073. |
Destructive/Microscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
6% NaOCl |
15 human mandibles with 95 single-rooted teeth |
Bayram, H. M., et al. (2017). «Effect of ProTaper Gold, Self-Adjusting File, and XP-endo Shaper instruments on dentinal microcrack formation: a micro-computed tomographic study.» J Endod 43(7): 1166-1169. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotatory, Self-Adjusting File |
1% NaOCl |
40 human mandibular premolars having single-canal, straight root, closed apex |
Bier, C. A., et al. (2009). «The ability of different nickel-titanium rotary instruments to induce dentinal damage during canal preparation.» J Endod 35(2): 236-238. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
2% NaOCl |
260 mandibular premolars |
Borges, A. H., et al. (2018). «Influence of cervical preflaring on the incidence of root dentin defects.» J Endod 44(2): 286-291. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
1% NaOCl |
180 human single-rooted maxillary central incisors with fully formed apices and straight root canals |
Burklein, S., et al. (2013). «Incidence of dentinal defects after root canal preparation: reciprocating versus rotary instrumentation.» J Endod 39(4): 501-504. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
NaOCl |
100 human central mandibular incisors with mature apices and straight root canals |
Cassimiro, M., et al. (2017). «Occurence of dentinal defects after root canal preparation with R-phase, M-Wire and Gold Wire instruments: a micro-CT analysis.» BMC Oral Health 17(1): 93. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
60 permanent mandibular incisors with a single canal, with straight root canals |
Cassimiro, M., et al. (2018). «Effects of Reciproc, ProTaper Next and WaveOne Gold on root canal walls: a stereomicroscope analysis.» Iran Endod J 13(2): 228-233. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
60 permanent mandibular incisors with straight roots |
Ceyhanli, K. T., et al. (2016). «Comparison of ProTaper, RaCe and Safesider instruments in the induction of dentinal microcracks: a micro-CT study.» Int Endod J 49(7): 684-689. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
30 mandibular molars with two separate mesial canals and foramina, with mature apices and similar lengths |
Çiçek, E., et al. (2015). «Evaluation of microcrack formation in root canals after instrumentation with different NiTi rotary file systems: A scanning electron microscopy study.» Scanning 37(1): 49-53. |
Destructive/SEM |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
60 mandibular molars. The mesial roots were used for the study |
Coelho, M. S., et al. (2016). «Light-emitting diode assessment of dentinal defects after root canal preparation with Profile, TRUShape, and WaveOne Gold Systems.» J Endod 42(9): 1393-1396. |
Destructive/Dental Operating Microscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
4.125% NaOCl |
80 mesial roots of mandibular molars presenting 2 canals. Only teeth presenting separate mesial and distal roots, 2 separate and patent mesial canals, and mature apices with no previous endodontic procedures |
de Oliveira, B. P., et al. (2017). «Micro-computed tomographic analysis of apical microcracks before and after root canal preparation by hand, rotary, and reciprocating instruments at different working lengths.» J Endod 43(7): 1143-1147. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
1% NaOCl |
60 mandibular incisors with mature apices and single straight root canals |
De-Deus, G., et al. (2015). «Micro-computed tomographic assessment on the effect of ProTaper Next and Twisted File Adaptive Systems on dentinal cracks.» J Endod 41(7): 1116-1119. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotatory, Self Adjusting File |
5.25% NaOCl |
175 Human mandibular first and second molars with completely separated roots. Only teeth with moderate curvature of the mesial root. 20 moderately curved mesial roots of mandibular molars were selected. |
De-Deus, G., et al. (2017). «Dentinal microcrack development after canal preparation: a longitudinal in situ micro-computed tomography study using a cadaver model.» J Endod 43(9): 1553-1558. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
Inclusion criteria awere the presence of non-carious maxillary first and second premolars surrounded by alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. The first and second maxillary premolars from each bone block were selected for the experimental procedures. The first premolars had 2 canals, whereas the second premolars had only 1 root canal |
Devale, M. R., et al. (2017). «Effect of instrumentation length and instrumentation systems: Hand versus rotary files on apical crack formation - an in vitro study.» J Clin Diagn Res 11(1): ZC15-ZC18. |
Non-Destructive (apex)/ Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
3% NaOCl |
60 mandibular premolars, with straight roots and completely formed apices |
Garg, S., et al. (2015). «Comparison of dentinal damage induced by different nickel-titanium rotary instruments during canal preparation: An in vitro study.» J Conserv Dent 18(4): 302-305. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
3% NaOCl |
150 mandibular premolars |
Harandi, A., et al. (2017). «Incidence of Dentinal Crack after Root Canal Preparation by ProTaper Universal, Neolix and SafeSider Systems.» Iran Endod J 12(4): 432-438. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2% NaOCl |
60 mandibular first molars with separate mesial and distal roots, only teeth with moderate root curvatures (25-30º) |
Helvacioglu-Yigit, D., et al. (2015). «Evaluation of dentinal defect formation after root canal preparation with two reciprocating systems and hand instruments: an in vitro study.» Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 29(2): 368-373. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Reciprocating |
5.25% NaOCl |
60 mandibular anterior teeth with single, straight roots and intact root apices |
Hin, E. S., et al. (2013). «Effects of self-adjusting file, Mtwo, and ProTaper on the root canal wall.» J Endod 39(2): 262-264. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory, Self Adjusting File |
2% NaOCl |
100 mandibular premolars |
Jain, A., et al. (2017). «Comparison of dentinal defects induced by hand files, multiple, and single rotary files: A stereomicroscopic study.» World Journal of Dentistry 8(1): 45-48. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
5.25% NaOCl |
60 mandibular premolars free of defects with single root canal |
Jalali, S., et al. (2015). «Effects of Reciproc, Mtwo and ProTaper instruments on formation of root fracture.» Iran Endod J 10(4): 252-255. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
100 human mandibular premolars with single canals |
Kansal, R., et al. (2014). «Assessment of dentinal damage during canal preparation using reciprocating and rotary files.» J Endod 40(9): 1443-1446. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
1% NaOCl |
120 human mandibular premolars with straight roots, single canal. |
Karatas, E., et al. (2015)a. «Dentinal crack formation during root canal preparations by the twisted file adaptive, ProTaper Next, ProTaper Universal, and WaveOne instruments.» J Endod 41(2): 261-264. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotatory, Reciprocating, Twisted File Adaptive |
NaOCl |
75 human mandibular central incisors with mature apices and straight root canals, single-rooted teeth with a single canal |
Karatas, E., et al. (2016). «Incidence of dentinal cracks after root canal preparation with ProTaper Gold, Profile Vortex, F360, Reciproc and ProTaper Universal instruments.» Int Endod J. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2% NaOCl |
90 human mandibular central incisor teeth with mature apices and straight canals, single canal, mature apices and single apical foramen |
Karatas, E., et al. (2015). «Incidence of Dentinal Cracks after Root Canal Preparation with Twisted File Adaptive Instruments Using Different Kinematics.» J Endod 41(7): 1130-1133. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Twisted File Adaptive |
NaOCl |
105 human mandibular central incisors with single canals and similar lengths |
Kesim, B., et al. (2017). «Evaluation of dentinal defects during root canal preparation using thermomechanically processed nickel-titanium files.» Eur J Dent 11(2): 157-161. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating, Twisted File Adaptive |
1% NaOCl |
150 human mandibular premolars with mature apices and a root canal curvature<5°, one straight canal |
Kfir, A., et al. (2017). «Incidence of microcracks in maxillary first premolars after instrumentation with three different mechanized file systems: a comparative ex vivo study.» Clin Oral Investig 21(1): 405-411. |
Destructive/Dental Operating Microscope |
Rotatory, Reciprocating, Self Adjusting File |
3% NaOCl |
80 human maxillary first premolars with two separate root canals, straight roots and closed mature apices |
Khirtika, S. G. and S. Ramesh (2017). “Comparative evaluation of dentinal cracks and detachments after instrumentation with hand and rotary files at various instrumentation lengths: An in vitro study.” J Adv Pharm Technol Res 7(3): 236-239. |
Destructive/Dental Operating Microscope |
Hand instrumentation, Rotatory |
1% NaOCl |
36 human mandibular central incisors, single root and single canal |
Khoshbin, E., et al. (2018). «The effect of canal preparation with four different rotary systems on formation of dentinal cracks: an in vitro evaluation.» Iran Endod J 13(2): 163-168. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
Reciproc (3 mL of saline); Control groups (2.5% NaOCl) |
110 human single-rooted, single-canal human teeth with no apical root curvature |
Kumari, M. R. and M. M. Krishnaswamy (2016). «Comparative analysis of crack propagation in roots with hand and rotary instrumentation of the Root Canal -An Ex-vivo Study.» J Clin Diagn Res 10(7): Zc16-19. |
Non-Destructive (apex)/ Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
None |
70 human premolars with complete apices and single, straight root and root canal |
Li, M. L., et al. (2018). «A micro-computed tomographic evaluation of dentinal microcrack alterations during root canal preparation using single-file Ni-Ti systems.» Exp Ther Med 15(1): 494-499. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
5.25% sodium hipochloryte |
100 human mandibular first molars with completely separated roots |
Li, S. H., et al. (2015). «Occurrence of dentinal microcracks in severely curved root canals with ProTaper Universal, WaveOne, and ProTaper Next File Systems.» J Endod 41(11): 1875-1879. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
1% NaOCl |
60 human molars, each with at least 1 curved root and root canal |
Liu, R., et al. (2013)a. «Incidence of apical root cracks and apical dentinal detachments after canal preparation with hand and rotary files at different instrumentation lengths.» J Endod 39(1): 129-132. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope (apex) |
Hand, Rotatory |
2% NaOCl |
240 human mandibular incisors with straight roots and single canal |
Liu, R., et al. (2013). «The incidence of root microcracks caused by 3 different single-file systems versus the ProTaper system.» J Endod 39(8): 1054-1056. |
Destructive (sections) Non-destructive (apex)/Stereomicroscope |
Rotatory, Reciprocating, Self Adjusting File |
2% NaOCl |
100 human mandibular incisors with straight roots, single canal |
Milani, A. S., et al. (2012). «The effect of root canal preparation on the development of dentin cracks.» Iran Endod J 7(4): 177-182. |
Destructive/Dental Operating Microscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
1% NaOCl |
57 human mandible incisor teeth. |
Monga, P., et al. (2015). «Comparison of incidence of dentinal defects after root canal preparation with continuous rotation and reciprocating instrumentation.» Singapore Dent J 36: 29-33. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
3% NaOCl |
150 human mandibular premolars with mature apices and single straight root canals with single apical foramen |
Pedulla, E., et al. (2017). «Effects of 6 single-file systems on dentinal crack formation.» J Endod 43(3): 456-461. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
3% NaOCl |
64 human mandibular central incisors with mature apices single rooted teeth with a single straight canal |
Pop, I., et al. (2015). «Synchrotron light-based µCT to analyse the presence of dentinal microcracks post-rotary and reciprocating NiTi instrumentation.» Clin Oral Investig 19(1): 11-16. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
1% NaOCl |
14 human mandibular and maxillary first molars with mature apices |
Priya, N. T., et al. (2014). «»Dentinal microcracks after root canal preparation» a comparative evaluation with hand, rotary and reciprocating instrumentation.» J Clin Diagn Res 8(12): Zc70-72. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
1% NaOCl |
100 human mandibular central incisors with single root and single patent canal |
Rose, E. and T. Svec (2015). «An Evaluation of Apical Cracks in Teeth Undergoing Orthograde Root Canal Instrumentation.» J Endod 41(12): 2021-2024. |
Destructive (apex)/Dental Operating Microscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
6.15% NaOCl |
40 mandibular first and second premolars of pig jaws with single root |
Saha, S., et al. (2017). «Evaluation of the incidence of microcracks caused by Mtwo and ProTaper next rotary file systems versus the self-adjusting file: A scanning electron microscopic study.» J Conserv Dent 20(5): 355-359. |
Destructive/SEM |
Rotatory, Self Adjusting File |
2.5% NaOCl |
120 human mandibular premolar teeth with straight roots single canals. |
Shori, D. D., et al. (2015). «Stereomicroscopic evaluation of dentinal defects induced by new rotary system: «ProTaper NEXT».» J Conserv Dent 18(3): 210-213. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory |
NaOCl |
60 human single-rooted premolars |
Stringheta, C. P., et al. (2017). «Micro-computed tomography versus the cross-sectioning method to evaluate dentin defects induced by different mechanized instrumentation techniques.» J Endod 43(12): 2102-2107. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
40 mesial roots of first and second mandibular molars, fully formed roots, roots with independent foramina, curvatures between 10 and 30, and an initial foramen diameter corresponding to a #15 K-type file |
Topçuoğlu, H. S., et al. (2016). «Effect of glide path and apical preparation size on the incidence of apical crack during the canal preparation using Reciproc, WaveOne, and ProTaper Next systems in curved root canals: A stereomicroscope study.» Scanning 38(6): 585-590. |
Non-Destructive/ Stereomicroscope |
Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
140 human mandibular first molar with two separate mesial canals, and two separate apical foramina |
Ustun, Y., et al. (2015). «The effects of different nickel-titanium instruments on dentinal microcrack formations during root canal preparation.» Eur J Dent 9(1): 41-46. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotary, Reciprocating |
2.5% NaOCl |
120 human mandibular incisor teeth with straight roots (<5°), with single canals |
Yoldas, O., et al. (2012). «Dentinal microcrack formation during root canal preparations by different NiTi rotary instruments and the self-adjusting file.» J Endod 38(2): 232-235. |
Destructive/Stereomicroscope |
Hand, Rotatory, Self Adjusting File |
2.5% NaOCl |
140 human mandibular first molars |
Zhou, X., et al. (2015). «Comparison of dentinal and apical crack formation caused by four different nickel-titanium rotary and reciprocating systems in large and small canals.» Dent Mater J 34(6): 903-909. |
Destructive/SEM |
Hand, Rotatory, Twisted File Adaptive |
1% NaOCl |
180 large canals in the premolars and 100 small canals in the molar |
Zuolo, M. L., et al. (2017). «Micro-computed tomography assessment of dentinal micro-cracks after root canal preparation with TRUShape and Self-adjusting File Systems.» J Endod 43(4): 619-622. |
Non-destructive/µCT |
Rotatory Reciprocating, Self Adjusting File |
5.25% NaOCl |
40 straight mandibular incisors |