Sustainability in bicycle sharing systems: evidences of travel mode choice changings in Rio de Janeiro

Vieira, Yesus Emmanuel Medeiros; Francisco, Fábio de Rezende; Silva Júnior, Orivalde Soares da; Bandeira, Renata Albergaria; Leal, Jose Eugenio

doi:10.1590/0103-6513.20190068

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Thematic Section - Sustainability in Transportation and Logistics • Prod. 30 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20190068 copy

Sustainability in bicycle sharing systems: evidences of travel mode choice changings in Rio de Janeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Paper aims

This study aims to analyze the travel behaviors changings and the emissions reduction of CO₂, CO, NO_x and Particulate Matter (PM) promoted by the bicycle sharing system in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Originality

The bicycle sharing systems have been experiencing rapid development in recent years, however, few empirical studies explore comprehensively the externalities of bicycle sharing, seeking to quantify the impacts of this travel system type on urban transport.

Research method

The research method used a modal distribution model calibrated with stated preference interviews and travel data provided by Tembici company.

Main findings

Results indicated a reduction in 2018 CO₂ emissions compared to the existing system in 2014, not only because of the increase in the bicycle sharing system offer, but also due to a higher transfer rates from motorized transport to bicycle, particularly those originated from public transport and Transportation Network Company (TNC) services.

Implications for theory and practice

Results reveal the bicycle sharing in the city of Rio de Janeiro should be understood as a part of a process of adopting multimodality, with effective reductions achieved by the incentive to change passenger’s travel behavior.

Keywords:
Bike sharing system; Environment benefits; Nested logit model

Scenario	Distance (Km)	ttnc (min)	ctnc (R$)	tbus (min)	cbus (R$)	tpe (min)
1	0.95	5.00	7.50	6.00	4.00	12.00
2	1.4	9.00	7.50	15.00	4.00	18.00
3	4.5	17.00	13.00	19.00	4.00	56.00
4	2.4	11.00	9.00	14.00	4.00	29.00
5	0,6	6.00	9.00	5.00	4.00	8.00
6	1,9	3.00	9.00	11.00	4.00	21.00
7	4,8	14.00	13.00	32.00	4.00	59.00

Categories	Fuel		Specific consumption Km/l (km/m3 for CNG)	% of fleet	Age of Fleet (years)	NOx (g/km)	CO2 (kg/l)	CO (g/km)	PM (g/km)
	Ethanol		6.9	1	25	0.03	1.457	4.2	-
Light vehicles	Gasoline		10.4	19	17	0.02	2.212	0.48	1.56
	Flex	^* * ethanol use hypothesis by Flex vehicles;	8.6	60	4.4	0.03	1.457	0.47	-
	Flex	^ gasoline use hypothesis by Flex vehicles;	12,2	60	4.4	0.03	2.212	0.27	13.37
	CNG		12	20	11	0.29	1.999	0.56	-
Urban Buses	Diesel		2.5	100	4.7	2.103	2.603	0.27	262.76

Mode choice	Equation terms	B	S.E	W	df	Sig	Exp(B)	Cox & Snell’s R-Square	Nagelkerke’s R-square
Walk	twalk	-0.247	0.034	53.707	1	0	0.781	0.462	0.62
Walk	Constant	4.449	0.636	48.883	1	0	85.545	0.462	0.62
TNC	ctnc	-0.295	0.093	10.169		0.001	0.74	0.06	0.097
TNC	Constant	1.916	0.908	4.448	1	0.035	6.791	0.06	0.097
Bus	ttnc	-0. 243	0.085	8.217	1	0.004	0.784	0.321	0.428
	tbus	0.133	0.066	4.109	1	0.043	1.142
	twalk	0.109	0.025	19.787	1	0	1.115
	Constant	-2.475	0.531	21.755	1	0	0.084

	Barcelona	Stockholm	Lyon	Paris	Milan	Rio de Janeiro
Users who have moved from motorized transport	73.56%	63.21%	56%	73%	77.42%	72.99%
Users who have transferred from non-motorized transport	26.54%	36.33%	44%	20%	22.58%	27.01%
Source	1	2	2	1	1	-

Category	Number. of annual trips	Occupancy factor	Adjusted travels	Fuel	Travelled distance (Km)	CO₂ (ton)	CO (ton)	PM (ton)	NO_x (ton)
Light vehicles	655,782	1.3	504,448	Ethanol	11,187.43	2.36	0.047	-	0.001
				Gasoline	212,561.15	45.21	0.102	0.33	0.004
				Flex^* * Assumption for exclusive use of gasoline.	671,245.75	121.70	0.181	8.97	0.020
				CNG	223,748.58	37.27	0.125	-	0.065
Bus	3,936,390	35	112,468	Diesel	378,176.64	393.76	0.102	99.37	0.795
Total annual	4,592,172	-	616,916	-	1,496,919.55	600.30	0.557	108.67	0.884

Comparative	Oliveira (2014) Oliveira, A. (2014). Contribuição e perspectivas do sistema de compartilhamento de bicicletas para mobilidade e sustentabilidade na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (Dissertação de mestrado). Departamento de Engenharia Civil Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.	Observed scenario in 2018
Number of bicycles in the system	600	2600
Average distance per trip on Bike (Km)	3.50	2.62
Number of annual trips	1,288,215	6,291,450
Distance traveled per year (km)	4,510,852	16,509,063
Average daily trips per bike	3,531	17,476
% of bike trips replacing public transport	70%	62.57%
% of bike trips replacing individual transport	2%	10.42%
Reduction of CO₂ emissions (ton / year)	17.321	206.54^* * Considered only emissions from individual transport;
Participation in the reduction of emissions of the road transport sector in the municipality	0.0035%**	0.0418%^ Compared to the estimated for the year 2016, according to the Inventory and scenario of greenhouse gases emissions from the City of Rio de Janeiro (Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, 2011).

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