The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity

Torres, Cláudio V.; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Nascimento, Thiago G.

doi:10.1590/0103-656420150045

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Original Articles • Psicol. USP 27 (2) • May-Aug 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-656420150045 copy

The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity¹ 1 Financing: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Process no. 301955/2014-0.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The refined theory of 19 basic human values was presented in 2012. Its discriminative validity and utility were associated with attitudes and beliefs, but not with behaviors, introducing an instrument for measuring the 19 values in different countries, but not in Brazil. Two studies, with three independent Brazilian samples, introduced this instrument and investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the theory by examining the associations of each value with everyday behaviors. A confirmatory multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordered the values in the motivational continuum predicted by the theory. Confirmatory factor analyses support the theory's discriminative and predictive validity. The results suggest that the compatibilities and conflicts that structure the relation between values also organize the behaviors that express them.

Keywords:
refined theory of values; discriminative and predictive validity; values and behavior

Items		Dimensions			h²
	1	2	3	4
It is very important for them to help their loved ones.	0.72				0.62
It is important for them to be reliable and faithful friends.	0.70				0.62
It is important for them to be humble.	0.66				0.46
It is important for them to worry about all the needs of their loved ones.	0.65				0.46
It is important for them to take care of the people they feel close to.	0.63				0.52
It is important for them that all are treated equally, even people they do not know.	0.62				0.44
It is important for them that all their friends and family can trust them completely.	0.61				0.49
It is important for them to accept people, even when they disagree with them.	0.61				0.43
It is important for them that all the people in the world have equal opportunities in life.	0.60				0.44
It is important for them to listen and understand the people who are different from them.	0.59				0.47
It is important for them to take care of nature.	0.58				0.59
It is important for them to be tolerant of all types of people and groups.	0.57				0.42
It is important for them to protect the weak and vulnerable in society.	0.53				0.32
It is important for them that the people they know have complete confidence in them.	0.52				0.47
It is important for them to protect the environment from destruction or pollution.	0.52				0.62
It is important for them to take part in activities to defend nature.	0.50				0.60
It is important for them never to boast or be arrogant.	0.34				0.22
It is important for them to never seek attention or praise.	0.33				0.21
It is important for them to never violate rules or regulations.		0.73			0.56
It is important for them to obey all laws.		0.69			0.55
It is important for them to follow the rules even if nobody is looking.		0.64			0.51
It is important for them to honor the traditional practices of their culture.		0.62			0.50
It is important for them to never make other people angry.		0.62			0.56
It is important for them that there is stability and order in society as a whole.		0.60			0.39
It is important for them to never annoy someone.		0.58			0.56
It is important for them to follow the customs of their family or of a religion.		0.56			0.48
It is important for them to never do anything dangerous.		0.56			0.33
It is important for them that their country is secure from all threats.		0.52			0.36
It is important for them to avoid bothering people.		0.51			0.43
It is important for them to be personally safe.		0.44			0.27
It is very important for them to prevent diseases and protect their health.		0.42			0.27
It is important for them to be rich.			0.75		0.64
It is important for them to have the power to get people to do what they want.			0.74		0.56
It is important for them to have the power that money can bring.			0.70		0.56
It is important for them to be very successful.			0.67		0.48
It is important for them to have expensive things that show their wealth.			0.64		0.48
It is important for them that people recognize what they have achieved.			0.60		0.37
It is important for them to be the ones to tell others what to do.			0.59		0.38
It is important for them never to be humiliated.			0.46		0.38
It is important for them to have ambitions in life.			0.42		0.25
It is important for them to protect their public image.			0.40		0.32
It is important for them that people do what they said they should.			0.36		0.18
It is important for them that no one ever embarrass them.			0.36		0.38
It is important for them to enjoy the pleasures of life.				0.61	0.39
It is important for them to make their own decisions about their lives.				0.60	0.40
It is important for them to be free to choose what to do.				0.60	0.38
It is important for them to have their own original ideas.				0.59	0.34
It is important for them to plan their activities independently.				0.56	0.36
It is important for them to take risks that make life exciting.				0.56	0.36
It is important for them to be always looking for different things to do.				0.54	0.30
It is important for them to have all kinds of new experiences.				0.53	0.37
It is important for her to expand her knowledge.				0.51	0.26
It is important for them to take advantage of any opportunity to have fun.				0.47	0.39
It is important for them to have their own understanding of things.				0.46	0.33
It is important for them to be entertained.				0.44	0.31
		Dimensions
	1	2	3	4
Number of items	18	15	12	12
Eigenvalue	6,64	5,67	4,56	4,22
% of Explained Variance	36,91%	37,80%	38,03%	35,20%
Cronbach's alpha	0,89	0,88	0,84	0,82
Guttman's lambda 2	0,89	0,88	0,85	0,83

Model	χ²	df	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR
Values
1a Initial model for Openness to Change: 12 items, 4 latent factors	295,2	47	,77	,12	,08
1b. Revised model for Openness to Change: 10 items, 4 latent factors	104,8	37	,90	,08	,06
2a. Initial model for Self-enhancement: 12 items, 4 latent factors	243,1	50	,80	,11	,08
2b. Revised model for Self-enhancement: 10 items, 4 latent factors	99,5	35	,90	,08	,05
3a. Initial model for Conservation: 18 items, 6 latent factors	156,1	75	,84	,07	,05
3b. Revised model for Conservation: 13 items, 5 latent factors*	152,0	55	,90	,06	,04
4a. Initial model for Self-transcendence: 15 items, 5 latent factors	159,9	78	,93	,06	,05
4b. Revised model for Self-transcendence: 16 items, 6 latent factors*	189,6	80	,90	,05	,04
Self-assessment of behaviors
1. Revised model for Openness to Change: 15 items, 4 latent factors	160,8	82	,87	,05	,05
2. Revised model for Self-enhancement: 14 items, 4 latent factors	172,3	70	,88	,07	,05
3. Revised model for Conservation: 19 items, 5 latent factors	326,1	139	,80	,06	,06
4. Revised model for Self-transcendence: 22 items, 6 latent factors	410,5	192	,86	,05	,06
Hetero-evaluation of behaviors
1. Revised model for Openness to Change: 17 items, 4 latent factors	271,1	107	,82	,07	,06
2. Revised model for Self-enhancement: 15 items, 4 latent factors	236,9	80	,85	,07	,07
3. Revised model for Conservation: 19 items, 5 latent factors	383,4	140	,80	,07	,06
4. Revised model for Self-transcendence: 20 items, 6 latent factors	313,1	154	,90	,06	,06

Behaviors	Values	β	t	F (2, 241)	R²
Tolerance Universalism	Value Tolerance Universalism	,31	5,57***	16,55***	,09
	Self-enhancement	-,12	-4,40*
Nature Universalism	Value Nature Universalism	,26	4,72***	11,33***	,07
	Self-enhancement	-,02	-1,44
Commitment Universalism	Value Commitment Universalism	,18	4,15**	15,24**	,07
	Self-enhancement	-,01	-1,21
Dependence Benevolence	Value Dependence Benevolence	,35	16,23***	21,99***	,12
	Self-enhancement	-,09	-2,09*
Care Benevolence	Value Care Benevolence	,40	16,52***	29,92***	,16
	Self-enhancement	-,08	-3,41*
Humility	Value Humility	,07	0,75 n.s.	2,14 n.s.	,03
	ST, HE, AC, POD1	-,01	-0.82 n.s.
Face	Value Face	,23	15,59***	17,95***	,10
	Self-transcendence	-,21	-5,99**
Power over Resources	Value Power over Resources	,33	16,34***	32,16***	,12
	Self-transcendence	-,16	-6,61**
Power of Domination	Value Power of Domination	,29	5,21***	16,33***	,10
	Self-transcendence	-,20	-4,18***
Achievement	Value Achievement	,21	6,88***	6,96**	,08
	Self-transcendence	-,12	3,67*
Hedonism	Value Hedonism	,44	7,15***	27,92***	,15
	Conservation	-,35	-5,76***
Stimulation	Value Stimulation	,44	7,52***	28,67***	,15
	Conservation	-,17	-3,94**
Self-direction of Action	Value Self-direction of Action	,10	4,21*	5,65**	,10
	Conservation	-,14	-4,81*
Self-direction of Thought	Value Self-direction of Thought	,02	2,31	16,62***	,10
	Conservation	-,29	3,50**
Personal Safety	Value Personal Safety	,11	4,39*	6,98**	,08
	Openness to Change	-,11	-4,48*
Social Safety	Value Social Safety	,25	4,97***	16,38***	,10
	Openness to Change	-,07	-2,46
Tradition	Value Tradition	,21	8,94***	11,02***	,10
	Openness to Change	-,05	-2,72
Conformity with Rules	Value Conformity with Rules	,33	4,81**	27,59***	,15
	Openness to Change	-,07	-3,92*
Interpersonal Conformity	Value Interpersonal Conformity	,21	6,32**	15,57***	,18
	Openness to Change	-,10	-3,48*

Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 1721 - Bloco A, sala 202, Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira, 05508-900 São Paulo SP - Brazil - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revpsico@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence address: claudio.v.torres@gmail.com

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The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity1 1 Financing: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Process no. 301955/2014-0.

Abstract:

The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity¹ 1 Financing: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Process no. 301955/2014-0.