Analysis of Studies on Social Support and Children of Depressed Mothers: A Systematic Review

Loureiro, Sonia Regina; Silva, Ana Paula Casagrande

doi:10.1590/S1413-294X2013000200010

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Systematic Literature Review • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 24 (59) • Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2013000200010 copy

Analysis of Studies on Social Support and Children of Depressed Mothers: A Systematic Review

Análise de Estudos Sobre Suporte Social e Filhos de Mães Deprimidas: Uma Revisão Sistemática

Soporte Social y los Infantes de Madres con Depresión: Una Revisión Sistemática

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Recognizing the conditions that minimize the impact of maternal depression on children has clinical relevance. The present review aimed to analyze recent empirical studies that have investigated the associations between maternal depression and different social support conditions for school-aged children. We systematically reviewed empirical articles indexed from 2007 to 2014 in the following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO. Three keywords were used: maternal depression, social support and child behavior. Twenty-seven articles were included and analyzed. These studies included a broad range of contextual risk factors and social support conditions, and in their predictive models, it was found that less contextual risk and greater parental resources and social support were predictors of fewer problems for the children. The identification of social support sources that attenuate the effect of maternal depression on child outcomes has implications for the development of prevention and intervention programs.

depression; mothers; child psychology; psychosocial factors; literature review

Contextual Risk Factors	Social Support
	Environmental, Family, and Neighborhood Resources	Parental Resources
Maternal Clinical Conditions (n = 16)	2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24	1, 6, 12, 18, 21, 22
Low Socioeconomic Status (n = 14)	2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20	6, 10, 11, 12, 16
Negative Parental Practices (n = 12)	5, 9, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, 25	7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 21, 26
Family Conflicts (n = 10)	4, 5, 6, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23	6, 18
Low Maternal Educational Level (n = 8)	2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 16, 20	6, 18
One-Parent Family (n = 6)	4, 13, 15	1, 11, 18
High-Risk Neighborhood (n = 3)	16, 27	7

Note. 1 = Allen‐Meares et al. (2010); 2 = Anhalt et al. (2007)Anhalt, K., Telzrow, C. F., & Brown, C. L. (2007). Maternal stress and emotional status during the perinatal period and childhood adjustment. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(1), 74-90. doi:10.1037/1045-3830.22.1.74; 3 = Ashman et al. (2008)Ashman, S. B., Dawson, G., & Panagiotides, H. (2008). Trajectories of maternal depression over 7 years: Relations with child psychophysiology and behavior and role of contextual risks. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 55-77. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000035; 4 = Barker et al. (2012)Barker, E. D., Copeland, W., Maughan, B., Jaffee S. R., & Uher, R. (2012). Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 124-129. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092346; 5 = Barker e Maughan (2009)Barker, E. D., & Maughan, B. (2009). Differentiating early-onset persistent versus childhood-limited conduct problem youth. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(8), 900-908. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121770; 6 = Campbell et al. (2007)Campbell, S. B., Matestic, P., von Stauffenberg, C., Mohan, R., & Kirchner, T. (2007). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and children’s functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1202-1215. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1202; 7 = Criss et al. (2009)Criss, M. M., Shaw, D. S., Moilanen, K. L., Hitchings, J. E., & Ingoldsby, E. M. (2009). Family, neighborhood, and peer characteristics as predictors of child adjustment: A longitudinal analysis of additive and mediation models. Social Development, 18(3), 511-535. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00520.x; 8 = Foster et al. (2008)Foster, C. E., Webster, M. C., Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., … King, C. A. (2008). Remission of maternal depression: Relations to family functioning and youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(4), 714-724. doi:10.1080/15374410802359726; 9 = Gerkensmeyer, Perkins, Scott, et al. (2008); 10 = Gerkensmeyer, Perkins, Day, et al. (2011); 11 = Goosby (2007)Goosby, B. J. (2007). Poverty duration, maternal psychological resources, and adolescent socioemotional outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28(8), 1113-1134. doi:10.1177/0192513X07300712; 12 = Gross et al. (2009)Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: A longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 139-156. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000091; 13 = Hart et al. (2008)Hart, D., Atkins, R., & Matsuba, M. K. (2008). The association of neighborhood poverty with personality change in childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1048-1061. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1048; 14 = Karevold et al. (2009)Karevold, E., Roysamb, E., Ystrom, E., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2009). Predictors and pathways from infancy to symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 1051-1060. doi:10.1037/a0016123; 15 = Lau et al. (2007)Lau, J. Y. F., Rijsdijk, F., Gregory, A. M., McGuffin, P., & Eley, T. C. (2007). Pathways to childhood depressive symptoms: The role of social, cognitive, and genetic risk factors. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1402-1414. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1402; 16 = Lengua et al. (2008)Lengua, L. J., Bush, N. R., Long, A. C., Kovacs, E. A., & Trancik, A. M. (2008). Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 509-528. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000254; 17 = Mickelson e Demmings (2009)Mickelson, K. D., & Demmings, J. L. (2009). The impact of support network substitution on low-income women’s health: Are minor children beneficial substitutes? Social Science & Medicine, 68(1), 80-88. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.057; 18 = Piché et al. (2011)Piché, G., Bergeron, L., Cyr, M., & Berthiaume, C. (2011). Interaction effects between maternal lifetime depressive/anxiety disorders and correlates of children’s externalizing symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(5), 596-604. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9433-0; 19 = Rhodes e Iwashyna (2007)Rhodes, K. V., & Iwashyna, T. J. (2007). Child injury risks are close to home: Parent psychosocial factors associated with child safety. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 11(3), 269-275. doi:10.1007/s10995-006-0171-2; 20 = Fatori et al. (2013)Fatori, D., Bordin, I. A., Curto, B. M., & de Paula, C. S. (2013). Influence of psychosocial risk factors on the trajectory of mental health problems from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 31. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-31; 21 = Wang et al. (2013)Wang, F., Christ, S. L., Milss-Koonce, W. R., Garrett-Peters, P., & Cox, M. J. (2013). Association between maternal sensitivity and externalizing behavior from preschool to preadolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 89-100. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.11.003; 22 = Parent et al. (2013)Parent, J., Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., Cuellar, J., & Shoulberg, E. K. (2013). The role of coparents in African American single-mother families: The indirect effect of coparent identity on youth psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 252-262. doi:10.1037/a0031477; 23 = Zanca et al. (2013)Zanca, C. G., Pizeta, F. A., Osório, F. L., & Loureiro, S. R. (2013). Percepção do apoio social de famílias que convivem com a depressão materna. Estudos de Psicologia (Natal), 18(2), 249-257. doi:10.1590/S1413-294X2013000200010; 24 = Boyd e Tervo-Clemmens (2013)Boyd, R. C., & Tervo-Clemmens, B. (2013). Exploring maternal and child effects of comorbid anxiety disorders among African American mothers with depression. Journal of Depression & Anxiety, 2(129), 1000129. doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000129; 25 = Heberle et al. (2014)Heberle, A. E., Krill, S. C., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (2014). Predicting externalizing and internalizing behavior in kindergarten: Examining the buffering role of early social support. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.886254; 26 = Dubois-Comtois et al. (2013)Dubois-Comtois, K., Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Pascuzzo, K. (2013). Behavior problems in middle childhood: The predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(8), 1311-1324. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9764-6; 27 = Brown et al. (2013)Brown, J., Barbarin, O., & Scott, K. (2013). Socioemotional trajectories in black boys between kindergarten and the fifth grade: The role of cognitive skills and family in promoting resiliency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(2-3), 176-184. doi:10.1111/ajop.12027.

Study	Major Outcomes

	Significant Associations Between Social Support and Risks for Children
9	Present h Social support i Parental depression i Behavioral problems
10	Present h Social support i Maternal depression i Behavioral problems
17	Present h Social support i Child depression
18	Absent
19	Present h Social support i Home insecurity i Children at risk of accidents h Social support i Marital conflicts i Children at risk of accidents
22	Present h Social support i Behavioral problems
23	Present h Social support i Behavioral problems h Social support i Chronic adversity i Behavioral problems
24	Present h Social support i Maternal comorbid anxiety disorders i Behavioral problems

Study	Major Outcomes

	Significant Associations Between Social Support and Risks for Children
2	Present h Social support (1 month old) i E (6/7 years old) i Stressor events (1 month old) i I (6/7 years old)
4	Present h Social support i E i I
6	Present Severe/chronic MD trajectory h Social support (1 month old to 7 years old) i E (7 years old)
8	Present MD remission post-treatment h Social support i I i Conflicting stressors i I
20	Absent

Study	Major Outcomes

	Social Supports that Predict Outcomes in Children

1	Present – Behavior h Father involvement i I i Lower academic performance h Social skills i Risk behavior
3	Present – Behavior i Family contextual risk i E ♂ i I ♀
5	Present – Behavior i Stressors i Persistent behavioral issues in childhood and adolescence ♂ h Social support for mothers i Persistent behavioral issues in children and adolescents ♀
7	Present – Psychopathology High-risk neighborhood h Social support i Antisocial behaviors in adolescents ♂
11	Present – Behavior and Psychopathology Continuous exposure to poverty h Parental resources (i.e., perception of mother’s control) i Behavioral Problems i Depression and anxiety in adolescence
12	Present – Behavior and Psychopathology Mild MD trajectory i E i Delinquency in adolescence ♂
13	Present – Behavior Low poverty neighborhood i Behavioral problems over 2 years old h Maternal educational level h Social support i Unstable personality profiles
14	Present – Behavior and Psychopathology i Family adversity i Child depression h Social support for mothers of timid ♀ i I
15	Present – Psychopathology i Negative locus of control i Punitive parental discipline i Children with depressive symptoms i Negative locus of control i Negative events i Children with depressive symptoms
16	Present – Behavior h Children’s self-control i Maternal risk i I h Children’s self-control i Environmental risk i I i E
21	Present – Behavior h Maternal harshness h E
25	Present – Behavior h Informal social support i Maternal psychological distress i Suboptimal parenting behavior i I
26	Present – Behavior i Maternal psychosocial distress and controlling attachment patterns i I i E i Maternal psychosocial distress h Quality of mother-child interactions i I i E
27	Absent – Behavior

Note. h = More; i = Less; E = Externalizing; I = Internalizing; MD = Maternal Depression; 1 = Allen‐Meares et al. (2010); 3 = Ashman et al. (2008)Ashman, S. B., Dawson, G., & Panagiotides, H. (2008). Trajectories of maternal depression over 7 years: Relations with child psychophysiology and behavior and role of contextual risks. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 55-77. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000035; 5 = Barker e Maughan (2009)Barker, E. D., & Maughan, B. (2009). Differentiating early-onset persistent versus childhood-limited conduct problem youth. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(8), 900-908. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121770; 7 = Criss et al. (2009)Criss, M. M., Shaw, D. S., Moilanen, K. L., Hitchings, J. E., & Ingoldsby, E. M. (2009). Family, neighborhood, and peer characteristics as predictors of child adjustment: A longitudinal analysis of additive and mediation models. Social Development, 18(3), 511-535. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00520.x; 11 = Goosby (2007)Goosby, B. J. (2007). Poverty duration, maternal psychological resources, and adolescent socioemotional outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28(8), 1113-1134. doi:10.1177/0192513X07300712; 12 = Gross et al. (2009)Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: A longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 139-156. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000091; 13 = Hart et al. (2008)Hart, D., Atkins, R., & Matsuba, M. K. (2008). The association of neighborhood poverty with personality change in childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1048-1061. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1048; 14 = Karevold et al. (2009)Karevold, E., Roysamb, E., Ystrom, E., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2009). Predictors and pathways from infancy to symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 1051-1060. doi:10.1037/a0016123; 15 = Lau et al. (2007)Lau, J. Y. F., Rijsdijk, F., Gregory, A. M., McGuffin, P., & Eley, T. C. (2007). Pathways to childhood depressive symptoms: The role of social, cognitive, and genetic risk factors. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1402-1414. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1402; 16 = Lengua et al. (2008)Lengua, L. J., Bush, N. R., Long, A. C., Kovacs, E. A., & Trancik, A. M. (2008). Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 509-528. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000254; 21 = Wang et al. (2013)Wang, F., Christ, S. L., Milss-Koonce, W. R., Garrett-Peters, P., & Cox, M. J. (2013). Association between maternal sensitivity and externalizing behavior from preschool to preadolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 89-100. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.11.003; 25 = Heberle et al. (2014)Heberle, A. E., Krill, S. C., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (2014). Predicting externalizing and internalizing behavior in kindergarten: Examining the buffering role of early social support. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.886254; 26 = Dubois-Comtois et al. (2013)Dubois-Comtois, K., Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Pascuzzo, K. (2013). Behavior problems in middle childhood: The predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(8), 1311-1324. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9764-6; 27 = Brown et al. (2013)Brown, J., Barbarin, O., & Scott, K. (2013). Socioemotional trajectories in black boys between kindergarten and the fifth grade: The role of cognitive skills and family in promoting resiliency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(2-3), 176-184. doi:10.1111/ajop.12027.

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil, Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence address: Ana Paula Casagrande Silva. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Tenente Catão Roxo, 2650. Vila Monte Alegre. CEP 14051-140. Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil. E-mail: anapaulacasagrande@usp.br