Parenting Programs to Prevent Corporal Punishment: A Systematic Review

Santini, Paolla Magioni; Williams, Lucia CA

doi:10.1590/1982-43272663201614

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Systematic Literature Review • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 26 (63) • Jan-Apr 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272663201614 copy

Parenting Programs to Prevent Corporal Punishment: A Systematic Review^* * This paper is part of the first author's doctoral dissertation under supervision of the second author, presented at the Graduate Program in Psychology of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, in 2015

Programas Parentais Para a Prevenção do Castigo Corporal: Uma Revisão Sistemática

Programas Parentales Para la Prevención del Castigo Corporal: Una Revisión Sistemática

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Studies have shown that corporal punishment against children is a common family practice, causing damage to child development. Considering that parents are the main perpetrators of this type of aggression, parenting programs are needed to raise children without violence. This study aimed at performing a systematic review of parenting programs evaluations to reduce corporal punishment. Intervention procedures, as well as design, results and limitations were identified for each study. The PRISMA protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) was used for reporting the results. A literature survey was conducted in Brazilian databases, as well as English ones from 1994-2014. One Brazilian study and eight international studies were selected as relevant, and only four used randomized controlled trials (RCT). All studies reported satisfactory results in decreasing aggression by parents against their children. Further research in the area with solid methodology is recommended.

Keywords
parent training; psychological intervention; punishment; child abuse; family violence

	Preliminary results	Repeated	Other types of programs	Not defined as parenting program	Relevant
Brazilian
Bireme	64	21	26	17	0
IndexPsi	14	6	0	8	0
Pepsic	3	0	0	3	0
Scielo	7	0	0	7	0
Google Acadêmico	381	0	236	144	1
English
PsycNET	346	0	211	132	3
PubMed	468	0	309	156	3
Web of Science	751	0	578	168	5
Google Scholar	521	0	197	318	6
Total	2,555	27	1,557	953	18

Author(s)	N	Program	Intervention procedures	Design	Result	Effect size (d)	Limitations
Kolko (1996)Kolko DJ. (1996). Individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 322-342. doi: 10.1177/1077559596001004004 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559596001004...	55 families	-	Individual psychotherapy	RCT Pre-test/Post-test Follow-up: 1 year	Improvement in: child to parent aggression, children's externalizing behavior, parental stress, abuse risk and family conflict	0.77 ^b b The effect size was not available in the original study and calculated by the present authors. (Medium)	Restrictions in the application with participants with low intellectual level, psychiatric problems and very young children
Kolko, Iselin, & Gully (2011)Kolko DJ, Iselin A-MR, Gully KJ. (2011). Evaluation of the sustainability and clinical outcome of Alternatives for Families: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) in a child protection center. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(2), 105-116. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.09.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.09...	52 families	Alternatives for Families: Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT)	Individual psychotherapy	Pre-test/Post-test	Improvements in parental and children performance in the instruments used	0.54 ^b b The effect size was not available in the original study and calculated by the present authors. (Medium)	Lack of evidence-based methodology (RCT) and independent measures (observation)
Borrego, Urquiza, Rasmussen, & Zebell (1999)	1 mother-child dyad	Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)	Coaching	Pre-test/Post-test Follow-up I: 5 months Follow-up II: 16 months	Reduction of: child behavior problems, maternal and child's stress and increased frequency of positive mother-child interactions	-	Sessions held in an experimental environment (no guarantee of generalization); information with siblings not collected
Chaffin et al. (2004)Chaffin M, Silovsky JF, Funderburk B, Valle LA, Bristan EV, Balachova T, Bonner BL. (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: Efﬁcacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 500-510. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.500 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.5...	110 parent-child dyads	Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)	Group orientation and Coaching	RCT Pre-test/Post-test Follow-up: 28 months	Declined frequency of parent to child aggressions and reduction of physical abuse reports	2.17^b b The effect size was not available in the original study and calculated by the present authors. (Large)	Could not control the therapist variable; inclusion in pre-test of older children who did not have behavior problems
Nicholson, Anderson, Fox, & Brenner (2002)Nicholson B, Anderson M, Fox R, Brenner V. (2002). One family at a time: A prevention program for at-risk parents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(3), 362-371. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00201.x https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002...	26 parents	STAR	Group psychotherapy	RCT Pre-test/Post-test Follow-up: 1 month	Significant decreased levels of: verbal and corporal punishment against children, anger, stress and reports of child behavior problems	0.83^b b The effect size was not available in the original study and calculated by the present authors. (Large)	Reduced sample; difficulties in scheduling sessions; low-return of instruments answered by teachers
Santos & Williams (2008)	1 family	-	Group psychotherapy	Pre-test/Post-test Follow-up: 6 months	Elimination of parent to child aggression; maintenance at 24 week follow-up	-	Not reported by authors
Runyon, Deblinger, & Schroeder (2009)Runyon MK, Deblinger E, Schroeder CM. (2009). Pilot evaluation of outcomes of combined parent-child cognitive-behavioral group therapy for families at risk for child physical abuse. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(1), 101-118. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.09.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.09....	12 caregivers and 21 children	Combined Parent-Child Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CPC-CBT)	Group psychotherapy	Pre-test/Post-test	General improvement in emotional and behavioral functioning of both parents and their children; decreased occurrence of corporal punishment reports	1.46^a a The effect size was calculated by the authors of the studies revised. (Large)	Reduced sample and lack of solid methodology (RCT, comparison group, follow-up)
Kjellgren, Svedin, & Nilsson (2013)Kjellgren C, Svedin CG, Nilsson D. (2013). Child physical abuse: Experiences of combined treatment for children and their parents: A pilot study. Child Care in Practice, 19(3), 275-290. doi: 10.1080/13575279.2013.785934 https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2013.78...	18 families	Combined Parent-Child Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CPC-CBT)	Group psychotherapy	Pre-test/Post-test	Reduction of parent and children's depression symptoms; reduction of violent and inconsistent parenting strategies	0.71^a a The effect size was calculated by the authors of the studies revised. (Medium)	Reduced sample; lack of solid methodology; difficulties in transferring an American program to Sweden
Swenson et al. (2010)	86 families	Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN)	Individual psychotherapy	RCT Pre-test/Post-test Follow-up: 16 months	Declined frequency of: parent to child aggression and neglect; improvement of health symptoms in children and parents	0.85^a a The effect size was calculated by the authors of the studies revised. (Large)	Restrictions for statistical analysis and generalization of the results due to supervision

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil, Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] ²Correspondence address: Paolla M. Santini. Laprev - Laboratório de Análise e Prevenção da Violência. Departamento de Psicologia. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Rod. Washington Luis, km 235. CEP 13565-905. São Carlos-SP, Brazil. paollams@gmail.com

Brasil

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Parenting Programs to Prevent Corporal Punishment: A Systematic Review* * This paper is part of the first author's doctoral dissertation under supervision of the second author, presented at the Graduate Program in Psychology of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, in 2015

Programas Parentais Para a Prevenção do Castigo Corporal: Uma Revisão Sistemática

Programas Parentales Para la Prevención del Castigo Corporal: Una Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Parenting Programs to Prevent Corporal Punishment: A Systematic Review^* * This paper is part of the first author's doctoral dissertation under supervision of the second author, presented at the Graduate Program in Psychology of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, in 2015