How accurate are pedotransfer functions for bulk density for Brazilian soils?

Boschi, Raquel Stucchi; Bocca, Felipe Ferreira; Lopes-Assad, Maria Leonor Ribeiro Casimiro; Assad, Eduardo Delgado

doi:10.1590/1678-992X-2016-0357

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Note • Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) 75 (1) • Jan-Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2016-0357 copy

How accurate are pedotransfer functions for bulk density for Brazilian soils?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) available in the literature to estimate soil bulk density (ρb) in different regions of Brazil, using different metrics. The predictive capacity of 25 PTFs was evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), mean error (ME), root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²) and the regression error characteristic (REC) curve. The models performed differently when comparing observed and estimated ρb values. In general, the PTFs showed a performance close to the mean value of the bulk density data, considered as the simplest possible estimation of an attribute and used as a parameter to compare the performance of existing models (null model). The models developed by Benites et al. (2007) (BEN-C) and by Manrique and Jones (1991) (M&J-B) presented the best results. The separation of data into two layers according to depth (0-10 cm and 10-30 cm) demonstrated better performance in the 10-30 cm layer. The REC curve allowed for a simple and visual evaluation of the PTFs.

Keywords:
REC curve; model evaluation; soil database; tropical soil

Reference	PTF	R²	n	Code
Alexander (1980)Alexander, E.B. 1980. Bulk densities of California soils in relation to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44: 689-692.	ρb = 1.66 – 0.308 (OC)^1/2	0.46	721	ALEX
Benites et al. (2007)Benites, V.M.; Machado, P.L.O.A.; Fidalgo, E.C.C.; Coelho, M.R.; Madari, B.E. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97.	ρb = 1.56 – 0.0005 (Clay10) – 0.01 (OC10) – 0.0075 SB	0.66	1542	BEN-A
Benites et al. (2007)Benites, V.M.; Machado, P.L.O.A.; Fidalgo, E.C.C.; Coelho, M.R.; Madari, B.E. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97.	ρb = 1.5688 – 0.0005 (Clay10) – 0.009 (OC10)	0.42	1542	BEN-B
Benites et al. (2007)Benites, V.M.; Machado, P.L.O.A.; Fidalgo, E.C.C.; Coelho, M.R.; Madari, B.E. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97.	ρb = 1.5224 – 0.0005 (Clay*10)	0.63	1542	BEN-C
Bernoux et al. (1998)Bernoux, M.; Arrouays, D.; Cerri, C.; Volkoff, B.; Jovilet, C. 1998. Bulk densities of Brazilian Amazon soils related to other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 743-749.	ρb = 1.398 – 0.0047 Clay – 0.042 OC	0.49	323	BERX
Curtis and Post (1964)Curtis, R.O.; Post, B.W. 1964. Estimating bulk density from organic-matter content in some Vermont forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 28: 285-286.	Log₁₀(ρb*100) = 2.09963-0.00064log₁₀(LOI) – 0.22302 log10(LOI)²	0.96	~144	C&P
Federer (1983)Federer, C.A. 1983. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification: depth variation in four New England forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47: 1008-1014.	ln(ρb) = −2.31 – 1.079 ln[(OM/100)] – 0.113 ln[(OM/100)]²	NI	NI	FED
Grigal et al. (1989)Grigal, D.F.; Brovold, S.L.; Nord, W.S.; Ohmann, L.F. 1989. Bulk density of surface soils and peat in the north central United States. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90: 895-900.	ρb = 0.075 + 1.301exp (-0.06 LOI)	0.95	800	GRIG
Harrison and Bocock (1981)Harrison, A.F.; Bocock, K.L. 1981. Estimation of soil bulk-density from loss-on-ignition values. Journal of Applied Ecology 18: 919-927.	ρb =1.558 – 0.728 log₁₀(LOI)	0.81	539	H&B-A
Harrison and Bocock (1981)Harrison, A.F.; Bocock, K.L. 1981. Estimation of soil bulk-density from loss-on-ignition values. Journal of Applied Ecology 18: 919-927.	ρb =1.729 – 0.769 log₁₀(LOI)	0.58	538	H&B-B
Han et al. (2012)Han, G.Z.; Zhang, G.L.; Gong, Z.T.; Wang, G.F. 2012. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density in China. Soil Science 177: 158-164.	ln(ρb) = 0.5379 – 0.0653[(10 OM)]^0.5	0.67	1560	HAN
Hong et al. (2013)Hong, S.Y.; Minasny, B.; Han, K.H.; Kim, Y.; Lee, K. 2013. Predicting and mapping soil available water capacity in Korea. Peer Journal 1: e71.	ρb =1.02 – 0.156 ln(OM)	0.45	642	HONG
Huntington et al. (1989)Huntington, T.G.; Johnson, C.E.; Johnson, A.H.; Siccama, T.G.; Ryan, D.F. 1989. Carbon, organic matter, and bulk density relationships in a forested spodosol. Soil Science 148: 380-386.	ln ρb = −2.39 – 1.316 ln [(OM/100)] – 0.167 (ln [(OM/100)]²	0.75	60	HUNT-A
Huntington et al. (1989)Huntington, T.G.; Johnson, C.E.; Johnson, A.H.; Siccama, T.G.; Ryan, D.F. 1989. Carbon, organic matter, and bulk density relationships in a forested spodosol. Soil Science 148: 380-386.	ln ρb = 0.263 – 0.147 ln OC – 0.103 (ln OC)²	0.72	60	HUNT-B
Jeffrey (1970)Jeffrey, D.W. 1970. A note on the use of ignition loss as a means for the approximate estimation of soil bulk density. Journal of Ecology 58: 297-299.	ρb =1.482 – 0.6786 log₁₀(LOI)	0.82	80	JEF
Kaur et al. (2002)Kaur, R.; Kumar, S.; Gurung, H. 2002. A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40: 847-857.	ln ρb = 0.313 – 0.191 OC + 0.02102 Clay – 0.000476 (Clay)² – 0.00432 Silt	0.62	224	KAUR
Leonavičiute (2000)Leonavičiute, N. 2000. Predicting soil bulk and particle densities by pedotransfer functions from existing soil data in Lithuania. Geografijos metraštis 33: 7-330.	ρb =1.70398 – 0.00313 Silt + 0.00261 Clay – 0.11245 OC	NI	135	LEO-A
Leonavičiute (2000)Leonavičiute, N. 2000. Predicting soil bulk and particle densities by pedotransfer functions from existing soil data in Lithuania. Geografijos metraštis 33: 7-330.	ρb = 1.07256 + 0.032732 ln(Silt) + 0.038753ln(Clay) + 0.078886 ln(Sand) – 0.054309 ln(OC)	NI	858	LEO-B
Manrique and Jones (1991)Manrique, L.A.; Jones, C.A. 1991. Bulk density of soils in relation to soil physical and chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55: 476-481.	ρb = 1.66 – 0.318 (OC)^1/2	0.41	19651	M&J-A
Manrique and Jones (1991)Manrique, L.A.; Jones, C.A. 1991. Bulk density of soils in relation to soil physical and chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55: 476-481.	ρb = 1.51 – 0.113 OC	0.36	19651	M&J-B
Perie and Ouim (2008)Périé, C.; Ouimet, R. 2008. Organic carbon, organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88: 315-325.	ρb = 1.977 + 4.105(OM/100) – 1.229ln[(OM/100)] – 0.103 ln[(OM/100)]²	0.82	125	P&O
Prévost (2004)Prévost, M. 2004. Predicting soil properties from organic matter content following mechanical site preparation of forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68: 943-949.	ln(ρb) = −1.81 – 0.892*ln[(OM/100)] – 0.092 ln[(OM/100)]²	0.77	414	PREV
Ruehlmann and Körschens (2009)Ruehlmann, J.; Körschens, M. 2009. Calculating the effect of soil organic matter concentration on soil bulk density. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73: 876-885.	ρb = (2.684 - (140.943b)) exp(-bOC)	0.98	609	R&K
Tomasella and Hodnett (1998)Tomasella, J.; Hodnett, M.G. 1998. Estimating soil water retention characteristics from limited data in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil Science 163: 190-202.	ρb = 1.578 – 0.054 OC – 0.006 Silt – 0.004 Clay	0.59	613	T&H
Tamminen and Starr (1994)Tamminen, P.; Starr, M. 1994. Bulk density of forested mineral soils. Silva Fennica 28: 53-60.	ρb = 1.565 – 0.2298(LOI)^0.5	0.61	158	T&S

PTF	Land use	Location	Bulk Density (g cm^-3)	Method
ALEX	Alluvial soils and uplands	California - EUA	0.45-1.92/0.24-1.98	clod/core
BEN	NR	Brazil	0.13-2.25 (1.36)	core
BERX	NR	Amazon - Brazil	0.74-1.58 (1.18)	clod
C&P	Forest	Vermont - EUA	NR	core
FED	Forest	New England	NR	core
GRIG	Florest	North Central USA	0.35-1.90	core
H&B	Various	Various	0.03-1.87	various
HAN	Forest	China	0.12-1.82 (1.32)	NR
HONG	NR	Andisols - Global Dataset	NR	NR
HUNT	Spodosols under forest	New Hampshire - EUA	NR	Pits
JEF	Various	Australia and England	0.05-1.8	core
KAUR	Various	Uttaranchal - Índia	0.85-1.79 (1.36)	core
LEO	NR	Lithuania	0.44-2.14 (1.68)	core
M&J	Various	EUA	1.2-1.5	NR
P&O	Forest	Quebec - Canada	NR	core
PREV	Forest	Quebec - Canada	0.10-1.96	core
R&K	Various	Various	0.03-2	core
T&H	NR	Amazon - Brazil	0.95-1.6	core
T&S	Forest	Finland	0.48-1.84	core
Data set	Forest, Pasture, ICL, ICLF	Brazil	0.81-1.84 (1.42)	core

Statistics	Silt	Clay	Sand	OC	OM	ρb	SB
	-----------------------------------------%---------------------------------------					g cm^–3	cmolc kg^–1
All data set (n = 884)
Min-Max	1 – 67	0.1 – 76	2 – 95	0.1 – 8.3	0.2 – 13.2	0.81 – 1.84	0.3 – 30.5
Mean (Std dev)	17	28	55	1.4	2.5	1.42	4
Std dev	12	17	24	0.9	1.4	0.2	3.9
1^st – 3^rd quartile	9 – 22	15 – 40	38 – 73	0.7 – 1.8	1.5 – 3.1	1.26 – 1.56	1.6 – 5.1
Median	13	25	60	1.1	2.1	1.42	2.9
Topsoil (n = 442)
Min-Max	1 – 64	0.1 – 76	3 – 95	0.1 – 8.3	0.6 – 13.2	0.81 – 1.8	0.3 – 30.4
Mean (Std dev)	17	27	56	1.7	2.9	1.39	4.9
Std dev	12	17	24	1.1	1.6	0.2	4.1
1^st – 3^rd quartile	9 – 22	14 – 37	39 – 74	0.8 – 2.2	1.9 – 3.7	1.25 – 1.54	2.3 – 6.4
Median	13	24	62	1.4	2.7	1.4	3.7
Subsoil (n = 442)
Min-Max	1 – 67	0.2 – 76	2 – 95	0.1 – 4.6	0.2 – 8.6	0.88 – 1.84	0.3 – 30.5
Mean (Std dev)	17	30	54	1.1	1.9	1.41	3.2
Std dev	12	18	24	0.7	1.1	0.2	3.6
1^st – 3^rd quartile	9 – 22	16 – 42	35 – 72	0.6 – 1.5	1.2 – 2.4	1.26 – 1.57	1.2 – 4
Median	13	26	58	0.9	1.7	1.44	2.2

All Data set
PTFs	MAE	RMSE	ME	R²	AOC_sqr	AOC_abs	Wilcoxon Test
HUNT-A	0.27	0.31	-0.24	0.05	0.10	0.27	hi
HUNT-B	0.20	0.24	-0.17	0.34	0.06	0.20	bcd
ALEX	0.15	0.19	-0.08	0.32	0.03	0.15	a
M&J-A	0.16	0.19	-0.10	0.32	0.04	0.16	e
M&J-B	0.14	0.17	-0.05	0.32	0.03	0.14	f
T&H	0.16	0.19	-0.11	0.40	0.04	0.16	ae
BERX	0.22	0.26	-0.19	0.31	0.07	0.22	g
KAUR	0.31	0.38	-0.29	0.41	0.15	0.31	hi
BEN-A	0.19	0.23	-0.15	0.35	0.05	0.19	bcd
BEN-B	0.16	0.19	-0.10	0.35	0.04	0.16	e
BEN-C	0.15	0.18	-0.02	0.19	0.03	0.15	f
LEO-A	0.19	0.24	0.17	0.27	0.06	0.19	bcdkm
LEO-B	0.20	0.25	0.17	0.32	0.06	0.20	bcdgkm
R&K	0.42	0.47	0.42	0.31	0.22	0.42	n
FED	0.27	0.31	-0.25	0.16	0.10	0.27	i
T&S	0.22	0.26	-0.18	0.14	0.07	0.22	gm
HAN	0.20	0.24	-0.14	0.14	0.06	0.20	b
JEF	0.21	0.25	-0.14	0.12	0.06	0.21	k
H&B-A	0.19	0.23	-0.08	0.12	0.05	0.19	c
H&B-B	0.19	0.24	0.08	0.12	0.06	0.19	bcdek
HONG	0.50	0.53	-0.50	0.12	0.28	0.50	l
GRIG	0.23	0.23	-0.20	0.27	0.07	0.23	j
C&P	0.26	0.30	-0.24	0.17	0.09	0.26	h
PREV	0.19	0.23	-0.13	0.16	0.05	0.19	d
P&O	0.19	0.24	-0.10	0.14	0.06	0.19	bd
Null	0.17	0.20	0.00	NA	0.04	0.17	ae

References	RMSE/R²					Soil use and Location
References	ALEX	M&J	T&H	R&K	KAUR	Soil use and Location
Nanko et al. (2014)Nanko, K.; Ugawa, S.; Hashimoto, S.; Imaya, A.; Kobayashi, M.; Sakai, H.; Ishizuka, S.; Miura, S.; Tanaka, N.; Takahashi, M.; Kaneko, S. 2014. A pedotransfer function for estimating bulk density of forest soil in Japan affected by volcanic ash. Geoderma 213: 36-45.	0.32/0.64	0.30/0.64	-	-	-	Forest soils affected by volcanic ash (Japan)
Al-Qinna and Jaber (2013)Al-Qinna, M.I.; Jaber, S.M. 2013. Predicting soil bulk density using advanced pedotransfer functions in an arid environment. Transactions of the ASABE 56: 963-976.	0.33/0.22	0.34/0.23	0.42/0.258	0.14/0.21	0.52/0.21	Arid environment in North Jordan
De Vos et al. (2005)De Vos, B.; Meirvenne, M.V.; Quataert, P.; Deckers, J.; Muys, B. 2005. Predictive quality of pedotransfer functions for estimating bulk density of forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69: 500-510.	0.30/0.58	0.32/0.58	-	-	0.56/0.58	Forest in Belgium
Kaur et al. (2002)Kaur, R.; Kumar, S.; Gurung, H. 2002. A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40: 847-857.	0.19/-	0.20/-	0.18/-	-	-	Four micro-watersheds in Almora, India
Han et al. (2012)Han, G.Z.; Zhang, G.L.; Gong, Z.T.; Wang, G.F. 2012. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density in China. Soil Science 177: 158-164.	0.14/0.59	0.35/0.46	0.21/0.22	-	0.26/0.45	Forest in China
Benites et al. (2007)Benites, V.M.; Machado, P.L.O.A.; Fidalgo, E.C.C.; Coelho, M.R.; Madari, B.E. 2007. Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil bulk density from existing soil survey reports in Brazil. Geoderma 139: 90-97.	-	0.27/-	0.24/-	-	-	Different soil use in Brazil

PTFs	Depth of 0 to 10 cm						Depth of 10 to 30 cm
PTFs	MAE	RMSE	ME	R²	AOC	WT	MAE	RMSE	ME	R²	AOC	WT
HUNT-A	0.26	0.30	-0.23	0.12	0.26	a	0.28	0.32	-0.24	0.01	0.28	a
HUNT-B	0.22	0.26	-0.20	0.34	0.22	bcd	0.18	0.21	-0.14	0.41	0.18	bcdefghi
ALEX	0.16	0.20	-0.11	0.33	0.16	ef	0.15	0.18	-0.06	0.36	0.15	jk
M&J-A	0.17	0.20	-0.12	0.33	0.17	ghij	0.15	0.18	-0.07	0.36	0.15	lm
M&J-B	0.14	0.18	-0.07	0.34	0.14	kl	0.14	0.17	-0.03	0.39	0.14	jl
T&H	0.16	0.19	-0.11	0.38	0.16	egh	0.16	0.19	-0.11	0.41	0.16	kmno
BERX	0.21	0.25	-0.19	0	0.21	bcd	0.23	0.26	-0.20	0.30	0.23	pqr
KAUR	0.34	0.41	-0.32	0	0.34	mn	0.29	0.36	-0.26	0.42	0.29	apst
BEN-A	0.20	0.24	-0.17	0.35	0.20	opq	0.18	0.21	-0.13	0.36	0.18	bcdefghiuvwx
BEN-B	0.17	0.20	-0.11	0.35	0.17	fij	0.16	0.19	-0.09	0.35	0.16	n
BEN-C	0.14	0.18	0	0.18	0.14	k	0.15	0.18	-0.04	0.22	0.15	jl
LEO-A	0.18	0.22	0.15	0.30	0.18	bcefghijopr	0.21	0.26	0.19	0.28	0.21	bcegqyzA
LEO-B	0.20	0.25	0.18	0.29	0.20	bcdgiopqrs	0.19	0.25	0.17	0.34	0.19	dfhinoruvwxBC
R&K	0.43	0.47	0.43	0.32	0.40	t	0.41	0.46	0.41	0.35	0.41	D
FED	0.29	0.34	-0.28	0.16	0.29	m	0.24	0.28	-0.21	0.19	0.24	pq
T&S	0.23	0.28	-0.21	0.15	0.23	s	0.21	0.25	-0.16	0.14	0.21	yB
HAN	0.21	0.25	-0.17	0.15	0.21	bcdopq	0.18	0.22	-0.11	0.14	0.18	bdu
JEF	0.23	0.27	-0.19	0.14	0.23	s	0.19	0.23	-0.09	0.11	0.19	bcdfuv
H&B-A	0.20	0.24	-0.13	0.14	0.20	bor	0.17	0.22	-0.02	0.12	0.17	cefhnvw
H&B-B	0.17	0.21	0.02	0.14	0.17	efghijr	0.20	0.26	0.14	0.11	0.20	bdgiouxyzBC
HONG	0.52	0.55	-0.52	0.14	0.52	u	0.48	0.51	-0.47	0.12	0.48	E
GRIG	0.24	0.29	-0.22	0.16	0.24	a	0.22	0.26	-0.18	0.16	0.22	szC
C&P	0.28	0.32	-0.26	0.16	0.28	n	0.25	0.29	-0.22	0.19	0.25	tA
PREV	0.21	0.25	-0.16	0.16	0.21	cp	0.17	0.21	-0.10	0.19	0.17	eghinowx
P&O	0.22	0.26	-0.16	0.15	0.22	dq	0.17	0.21	-0.04	0.15	0.17	hnw
Null	0.16	0.20	0	NA	0.16	efhjl	0.17	0.20	0	NA	0.17	mnouvwx

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[1] *Corresponding author <raboschi@gmail.com>