CHILD GROWTH: CONCEPT ANALYSIS

Monteiro, Flávia Paula Magalhães; Araujo, Thelma Leite de; Cavalcante, Tahissa Frota; Leandro, Telma Alteniza; Sampaio Filho, Silvestre Péricles Cavalcante

doi:10.1590/0104-07072016003300014

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Literature Review • Texto contexto - enferm. 25 (02) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016003300014 copy

CHILD GROWTH: CONCEPT ANALYSIS

CRECIMIENTO DE LOS NIÑOS: ANÁLISIS DE CONCEPTO

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to analyze the concept of child growth by identifying the attributes and consequences that make up the phenomenon. The concept analysis was supported by 41 studies and based on the evolutionary analysis model and integrative literature review. Five databases, Scopus, CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched to select articles. The search found that growth has presented different connotations, including social and physiological aspects, which are part of the physical domain of child development. Attributes, antecedents, and consequences identified provide an overview of the phenomenon analyzed, because these point out several aspects previously related to other studies on child growth. The theoretical understanding about child growth can offer nurses in-depth knowledge about factors involved in this process, facilitating intervention-based decision-making.

DESCRIPTORS:
Growth and development; Infant; Preschool child; Nursing; Concept formation.

Definitions of child growth
Growth comprises several changes including increase in the size and complexity of body function.¹⁴14. Jackson AA. Feeding the normal infant, child and adolescent. Paeditr Nutr. 2010 Dec; 39(12):58-61.
It is basically the increase of body mass followed by a process of morphological remodeling and functional maturation; these are the physiological characteristics that define the child and differentiate it from adult.²2. Travé TD, Torres G, Olascoaga JH. Estudio longitudinal del crecimiento em Navarra (1993 a 2007). An Pediatr (Barc.). 2009 Jun; 70(6):526-33.
It is an individual process characterized by a nonlinear episode that results in change of size between similar ages within a short time span.¹⁵15. Lampl M, Thompson AL. Growth chart curves do not describe individual growth biology. Am J Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct; 19(5):643-53. It is the major biological event in childhood. Morphologically, it reflects the integration of multiple signals in a dynamic process, and flexibility and diversity of results are documented by variability in the phenotypic size characteristics of the human population as a whole. Growth comprises spaces in the individual: cells; tissues; and process at the organic level mediated by the interrelation between genome and local physiology to set specific ways through which the organism increases in the size and age of the immature system.¹⁵15. Lampl M, Thompson AL. Growth chart curves do not describe individual growth biology. Am J Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct; 19(5):643-53.
Growth is cell division and the consequent increase of body mass that can be identified in units such as g/day, g/month, kg/year, cm/year-that is, increase in the mass unit in a given time unit.⁴4. Marcondes E, Setian N, Carraza FR. Desenvolvimento físico (crescimento) e funcional da criança. In: Marcondes E, Vaz FAC, Ramos JLA, Okay Y. Pediatria básica. 9ª ed São Paulo (SP): Sarvier; 2002. p. 23-35. Growth is configured by the physical increase of the body as a whole or in parts. That means an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) or number (hyperplasia).⁴4. Marcondes E, Setian N, Carraza FR. Desenvolvimento físico (crescimento) e funcional da criança. In: Marcondes E, Vaz FAC, Ramos JLA, Okay Y. Pediatria básica. 9ª ed São Paulo (SP): Sarvier; 2002. p. 23-35.
Growth can be considered as a quantitative change.¹¹11. Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Inkelstein M. Wong: Fundamentos de enfermagem pediátrica. 7ª ed. Rio de Janeiro (RJ): Elsevier; 2006.
Growth is considered to be one of the best indicators of the child's health because of its close dependence on environmental/extrinsic factors, including eating habits, diseases, general and personal care, in addition to proper housing and basic sanitation conditions that reflect the child's past and current health status.³3. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Departamento de Atenção Básica. Saúde da criança: acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Brasília (DF): MS; 2002.
Physical domain includes changes in the size, form, and characteristics of the body.¹²12. Boyd D, Bee H. A criança em crescimento. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2011. Physical development is top-to-bottom (cephalocaudal pattern) and from the center of the body to outside (proximodistal pattern).¹²12. Boyd D, Bee H. A criança em crescimento. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2011. The growth of body and brain, sensorial capacities and motor skills, is part of physical development and can influence other aspects of development.¹²12. Boyd D, Bee H. A criança em crescimento. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2011.
Growth is constant; the body becomes more slender and proportions are similar to those of an adult.¹³13. Papalia DE, Olds W, Feldman RD. Desenvolvimento humano. 8ª ed. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2006.
Linear growth is positively associate with the children's cognitive development.¹⁶16. Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, et al. Linear growth and child development in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015 May; 135(5):e1266-75.
Growth is a measure largely used to assess the quality of the environment where the child lives, while growth deficits are related to adverse environmental conditions.¹⁷17. Lundeen EA, Stein AD, Adair LS, Behrman JR, Bhargava SK, Dearden KA, et al. Height-for-age z scores increase despite increasing height deficits among children in 5 developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 100:821-5.

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - Brasil, Tel.: (55 48) 3721-4915 / (55 48) 3721-9043 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br

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[1] Correspondence: Telma Alteniza Leandro Avenida João Pessoa, 3912, ap 08 60425-812 - Damas, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil E-mail: telmaleandro21@yahoo.com.br

Growth	Consequences
	Fast growth²⁹29. Hui LL, Leung GM, Cowling BJ, Lam TH, Schooling CM. Determinants of infant growth: evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort. Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Nov; 20(11):827-35.^,³⁵35. Beyerlein A, Ness AR, Streuling I, Hadders-Algra M, Von Kries R. Early rapid growth: no association with later cognitive functions in children born not small for gestational age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92(3):585-93.^-³⁶36. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, et al. Micronutrient fortified Milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a Double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PloS ONE. 2010; 5(8):e12167.
	Gain in length; gain of weight²³23. Cheung YB, Ashorn P. Continuation of linear growth and it association with cognitive ability are not dependent on initial length-for-age: a longitudinal study from 6 months to 11 years of age. Acta Paediatr. 2010; 99:1719-23.^,³²32. Cohen NJ, Lojkasek M, Zadeh ZY, Pugliese M, Kiefer H. Children adopted from China: a prospective study of their growth and development. J Child Psycol Psychiatry. 2008; 49(4):458-68.^,³⁶36. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, et al. Micronutrient fortified Milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a Double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PloS ONE. 2010; 5(8):e12167. 37. Saha KK, Frongillo EA, Alam DS, Arifeen SE, Persson LA, Rasmussen KM. Household food security is associated with growth of infants and young children in rural Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12(9):1556-62. 38. Woo JG, Guerrero ML, Altaye M, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Martin LJ, Dubert-Ferrandon A, et al. Human milk adiponectin is associated with infant growth in two independent cohorts. Breastfeeding Med. 2009; 4(2):101-9. 39. Belfort MB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman KP, Oken E, Gillman MW, et al. Infant growth and child cognition at 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2008; 122(3):e689-95.^-⁴⁰40. Griffiths LJ, Dezateux C, Cole TJ. Differential parental weight and height contributions to offspring birthweight and gain of weight in infancy. Int J Epidemiol. 2007; 36(1):104-7.
	Changes on weight and length²⁹29. Hui LL, Leung GM, Cowling BJ, Lam TH, Schooling CM. Determinants of infant growth: evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort. Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Nov; 20(11):827-35.
	Gain of weight; relations: weight/age, weight/stature, stature/age¹⁹19. Sawada A, Ikeda H, Kimura-Ohba S, Matsuzawa S, Awaya T, Shiotani Y, et al. Head growth evaluation in early childhood, from the Japan Children's study. Pediatr Int. 2010; 52(3):343-6.^,³⁵35. Beyerlein A, Ness AR, Streuling I, Hadders-Algra M, Von Kries R. Early rapid growth: no association with later cognitive functions in children born not small for gestational age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92(3):585-93.^,⁴¹41. Jomaa LH, Mcdonnell E, Probart C. School feeding programs in developing countries: impacts on children's health and educational outcomes. Nutr Rev. 2011; 69(2):83-98. 42. Xiong X, Wightkin J, Magnus JH, Pridjian G, Acuna JM, Buekens P. Birth weight and infant growth: optimal infant gain of weight versus optimal infant weight. Matern Child Health J. 2007; 11(1):57-63.^-⁴³43. Mulder PJ. A concept analysis of effective breastfeeding. JOGNN. 2006; 35(3):332-9.
	Optimum gain of weight⁴²42. Xiong X, Wightkin J, Magnus JH, Pridjian G, Acuna JM, Buekens P. Birth weight and infant growth: optimal infant gain of weight versus optimal infant weight. Matern Child Health J. 2007; 11(1):57-63.
	High growth⁴⁴44. Petrill SA, Hart SA, Harlaar N, Logan J, Justice LM, Schatschneider C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on the growth of early reading skills. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010; 51(6):660-7.
	Secular acceleration of weight and length²2. Travé TD, Torres G, Olascoaga JH. Estudio longitudinal del crecimiento em Navarra (1993 a 2007). An Pediatr (Barc.). 2009 Jun; 70(6):526-33.
	Changes in body tissue mass - muscle, fat, and bone⁴⁵45. Beker L. Principles of growth assessment. Pediatr Rev. 2011; 27(5):196-9.
	Anthropometric measures in patterns of normality³3. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Departamento de Atenção Básica. Saúde da criança: acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Brasília (DF): MS; 2002.
	Adequate anthropometric indexes according to the child's age and sex established through growth curves³3. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Departamento de Atenção Básica. Saúde da criança: acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Brasília (DF): MS; 2002.
	Performs general motor skills in accordance with the age pattern¹³13. Papalia DE, Olds W, Feldman RD. Desenvolvimento humano. 8ª ed. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2006.
	Performs refined motor skills in accordance with the age pattern¹³13. Papalia DE, Olds W, Feldman RD. Desenvolvimento humano. 8ª ed. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2006.
	Adequate initial sensorial capacities (touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing, and primitive reflexes)⁴⁶46. Harada MJCS, Waksman RD, Pereira SR. O brinquedo, a criança e a segurança. In: Brêtas JRS. Cuidados com o desenvolvimento psicomotor e emocional da criança: do nascimento a três anos de idade. São Paulo (SP): Iátria; 2006. p. 219-25.
	Active and non-structured games increase the child's capacity for controlling movements¹²12. Boyd D, Bee H. A criança em crescimento. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2011.
	High Z length/age score¹⁶16. Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, et al. Linear growth and child development in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015 May; 135(5):e1266-75.^-¹⁷17. Lundeen EA, Stein AD, Adair LS, Behrman JR, Bhargava SK, Dearden KA, et al. Height-for-age z scores increase despite increasing height deficits among children in 5 developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 100:821-5.
	Duration and quality of sleep⁴⁷47. Thorpe K, Staton S, Sawyer E, Pattinson C, Haden C, Smith S. Napping, development and health from 0 to 5 years: systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2015; 100:615-22.
	High control of parents is decisive for the infants' eating habits⁴⁸48. Timby N, Hernell Olle, Lönnerdal B, Domellöf M. Parental feeding control in relation to feeding mode and growth pattern during early infancy. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Oct; 103(10):1072-7.