THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS 'IMPAIRED WALKING' IN ELDERLY: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Marques-Vieira, Cristina Maria Alves; Sousa, Luís Manuel Mota de; Sousa, Lisete Maria Ribeiro de; Berenger, Sílvia Maria Alves Caldeira

doi:10.1590/0104-07072016003350015

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Texto contexto - enferm. 25 (03) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016003350015 copy

THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS 'IMPAIRED WALKING' IN ELDERLY: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

O DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMERÍA 'DETERIORO DE LA DEAMBULACIÓN' EN ANCIANOS: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LA LITERATURA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Walk is an activity that requires different skills and can be highly complex particularly for the elderly. The aim was to identify the defined characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis impaired walking in elderly. A Systematic literature review, based on a search done between January and March 2014, in the electronic platforms EBSCO Host^(r) , SCOPUS and ISI, and using the search strategy walk* OR gait AND Nurs*. A sample of 36 studies was obtained. A total of 17 defined characteristics and 34 related factors were identified. Among all, nine defined characteristics and 20 related factors are not listed in the diagnosis of NANDA International. This research identified new defined characteristics and related factors not listed in NANDA International. This study is a contribution to the development of the taxonomy of NANDA International, which should represent nursing knowledge, and this highlights some implications for clinical practice, education and further research.

DESCRIPTORS:
Walking; Gait; Nursing diagnosis; Aged

Defined characteristics listed in NANDA-I (2015-2017) N
Impaired ability to climb stairs¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^,⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	7
Impaired ability to bypass curbs (around obstacles)¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^-¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...	6
Impaired ability to descend an inclined terrain¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...	1
Impaired ability to climb slopes	0
Impaired ability to walk on irregular surfaces¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.	2
Impaired ability to walk for the required distance¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³⁸38. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-⁴²42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^-⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	13
Defined characteristics not listed in NANDA-I (2015-2017)	N
Impaired ability to descend stairs²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	4
Impaired ability to walk for determined distances and times (cadence, cycle time, gait cycle, support time, stride distance)¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^-¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²³23. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf 24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-²⁵25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38. 35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^-³⁶36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... ^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^,⁴²42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0... ^-⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86. 48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.^-⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	20
Impaired ability to walk during the requested time²¹21. Chiang CY, Sun FK. The effects of a walking program on older chinese american immigrants with hypertension: A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. Public Health Nurs. 2009 may-jun; 26(3):240-248.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴⁸48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	3
Impaired ability in the gait speed¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^-¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,¹⁹19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/... ^-²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²³23. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf 24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.^,³⁶36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... ^,³⁸38. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924. 39. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... 40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^-⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... 47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86. 48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6. 50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	22
Impaired ability to change speed of gait¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/...	5
Impaired ability to walk forward on a flat terrain¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	3
Impaired ability to walk on a hilly terrain (assessment outside on tarmac and paved floor)¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	6
Altered posture¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^-³⁶36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... ^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^,⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.^-⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	9
Intermittent claudication²³23. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf^,⁴²42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0...	2
Impaired walking due to other challenges (verbal response to aural and visual stimuli)¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	4
Impaired ability to walk while changing posture ( turning head, leaning)²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	4

Related Factors listed in NANDA-I (2014-2017) N
Alteration in cognitive function¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... 17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^-¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,²⁹29. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.^,³¹31. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70. 32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,³⁶36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... ^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^-⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.	14
Change in mood¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^-¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^,⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	7
Reduction in resistance¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁵25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.	6
Environmental barriers (stairs, ramps, irregular surfaces, unsecured obstacles, distances, lack of support devices or care assistant, restrictions)¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^,¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	5
Fear of falling¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... 17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... 18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/... ^-²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... 47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86. 48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	17
Impaired balance¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... 17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... 18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-¹⁹19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/... ^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... 36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... ^-³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^,⁴²42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0... ^-⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.^,⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	19
Impaired vision¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^-¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,³¹31. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70.^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.	7
Impaired knowledge about mobility strategies²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^,⁴⁸48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	8
Insufficient muscular strength¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... 27. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95.^-²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^,⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	12
Impaired musculoskeletal system¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	5
Impaired neuromuscular system¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11...	3
Obesity²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁵25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,³⁹39. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... ^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^,⁴⁸48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	12
Pain¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^-¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²³23. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,⁴²42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^,⁴⁸48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	9
Decreased physical condition ¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... 17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... 18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/... ^-²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²²22. Du HY, Newton JP, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: Its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 8:2-8.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,²⁹29. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.^-³⁰30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^-³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^-³⁸38. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^-⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. 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Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	23
Related factors not listed in NANDA-I (2014-2017)	N
Fatigue²⁵25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^-²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... 36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... 37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^-³⁸38. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.^,⁴⁴44. Crisafulli E, Iattoni A, Venturelli E, Siscaro G, Beneventi C, Cesario A, Clini EM. Predicting walking-induced oxygen desaturations in COPD patients: A statistical model. Respir Care [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 58(9):1495-503. Available from: http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/2013/01/29/respcare.02321.full.pdf+html http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/20... ^,⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...	10
Walking with a support (walker with two wheels, cane, walker with four legs)¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^,¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^-³⁶36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender... ^,³⁹39. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... ^,⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3... ^,⁴⁸48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.^,⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	12
Walking with help (from others)⁵⁰50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	1
Impaired neurologically¹⁶16. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6... ^-¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,³⁹39. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... 40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90. 41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0... ^-⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁷47. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86. 48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	13
Impaired cardio respiratory system (angina, congestive heart failure, lung disease)¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,²²22. Du HY, Newton JP, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: Its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 8:2-8.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,³¹31. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70.^,³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90. 41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 42. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0... ^-⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.	9
Orthostatic hypotension (postural management)²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.	2
Sleep problems¹⁷17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/... ^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	2
Perception of ability to walk in impaired safety¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...	1
Numerous activities or tasks to be performed simultaneously¹⁸18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁶26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... ^,³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.^,³⁷37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/... ^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	6
Aging (≥65 yeas of age)²⁰20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.^,²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... 26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1... 27. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95. 28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^-²⁹29. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... 33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^-³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.	12
Beliefs (education and religion, sedentary behavior)²¹21. Chiang CY, Sun FK. The effects of a walking program on older chinese american immigrants with hypertension: A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. Public Health Nurs. 2009 may-jun; 26(3):240-248.^,²⁵25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	3
Medication (antidepressants, antihypertensive, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, diuretics, sedatives and hypnotics)²⁴24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,³²32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,⁴⁰40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.^-⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴⁸48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.	8
Muscle mass atrophy²⁷27. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95.^,⁴¹41. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles... ^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...	4
Management problems of the feet and footwear (esthetics, comfort and safety)²⁸28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.^,⁴⁹49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.^,⁵¹51. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	3
Hearing problems³¹31. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70.^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.	2
Being female³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.^,⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.	2
Changes in mental health³⁴34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.^-³⁵35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1... ^,⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...	3
Institutionalization⁴³43. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.^,⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...	2
Lack of social support (social familial devaluation)⁴⁵45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf... ^-⁴⁶46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...	2
Recovering period post-surgery³³33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.	1

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[1] Correspondence: Cristina Marques-Vieira Instituto de Ciências da Saúde Universidade Católica Portuguesa Edifício 2, Gabinete 2505 1649-023 - Palma de Cima, Lisboa, Portugal E-mail: cristina_marques@ics.lisboa.ucp.pt