Bast, bark or stem fibers |
Jute |
1.3-1.4 |
60 |
22.1 |
15.9 |
1.0 |
58 |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
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25. Satyanarayana, K. G., Ravikumar, K. K., Sukumaran, K., Mukherjee, P. S., Pillai, S. G. K., & Kulkarni, A. G. (1986). Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres. Journal of Materials Science, 21(1), 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699...
26. Majeed, K., Jawaid, M., Hassan, A., Abu Bakar, A., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Salema, A. A., & Inuwa, I. (2013). Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites. Materials & Design, 46, 391-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
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28. Sarikanat, M., Seki, Y., Sever, K., & Durmuşkahya, C. (2014). Determination of properties of L. (Marshmallow) fibres as a potential plant fibre in polymeric composite materials. Althaea officinalisComposites Part B: Engineering, 57, 180-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb....
-
29
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]
|
Ramie |
1.5 |
80-85 |
3-4 |
0.5 |
- |
62.9 |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
,
27
27. Dicker, M. P. M., Duckworth, P. F., Baker, A. B., Francois, G., Hazzard, M. K., & Weaver, P. M. (2014). Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
,
28
28. Sarikanat, M., Seki, Y., Sever, K., & Durmuşkahya, C. (2014). Determination of properties of L. (Marshmallow) fibres as a potential plant fibre in polymeric composite materials. Althaea officinalisComposites Part B: Engineering, 57, 180-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb....
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30
30. Satyanarayana, K. G., Guimarães, J. L., & Wypych, F. (2007). Studies on lignocellulosic fibers of Brazil. Part I: source, production, morphology, properties and applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(7), 1694-1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.02.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
,
31
31. Li, X., He, L., Zhou, H., Li, W., & Zha, W. (2012). Influence of silicone oil modification on properties of ramie fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87(3), 2000-2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011...
]
|
Kenaf |
1.5 |
72 |
20.3 |
9 |
4.0 |
72.1 |
[
26
26. Majeed, K., Jawaid, M., Hassan, A., Abu Bakar, A., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Salema, A. A., & Inuwa, I. (2013). Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites. Materials & Design, 46, 391-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
27
27. Dicker, M. P. M., Duckworth, P. F., Baker, A. B., Francois, G., Hazzard, M. K., & Weaver, P. M. (2014). Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
,
28
28. Sarikanat, M., Seki, Y., Sever, K., & Durmuşkahya, C. (2014). Determination of properties of L. (Marshmallow) fibres as a potential plant fibre in polymeric composite materials. Althaea officinalisComposites Part B: Engineering, 57, 180-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb....
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32
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33
33. Karimi, S., Tahir, P. M., Karimi, A., Dufresne, A., & Abdulkhani, A. (2014). Kenaf bast cellulosic fibers hierarchy: a comprehensive approach from micro to nano. Carbohydrate Polymers, 101, 878-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.106. PMid:24299851 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013...
]
|
Flax |
1.5 |
71 |
18.6-20.6 |
2.2 |
- |
86.1 |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
,
26
26. Majeed, K., Jawaid, M., Hassan, A., Abu Bakar, A., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Salema, A. A., & Inuwa, I. (2013). Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites. Materials & Design, 46, 391-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
27
27. Dicker, M. P. M., Duckworth, P. F., Baker, A. B., Francois, G., Hazzard, M. K., & Weaver, P. M. (2014). Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
,
32
32. Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H. P., & Sain, M. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Progress in Polymer Science, 37(11), 1552-1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci...
,
34
34. Le Moigne, N., Longerey, M., Taulemesse, J. M., Bénézet, J. C., & Bergeret, A. (2014). Study of the interface in natural fibres reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites modified by optimized organosilane treatments. Industrial Crops and Products, 52, 481-494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013...
,
35
35. Tserki, V., Zafeiropoulos, N. E., Simon, F., & Panayiotou, C. (2005). A study of the effect of acetylation and propionylation surface treatments on natural fibres. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36(8), 1110-1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
]
|
Hemp |
1.5 |
72 |
10 |
3 |
2.3 |
79.9 |
[
26
26. Majeed, K., Jawaid, M., Hassan, A., Abu Bakar, A., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Salema, A. A., & Inuwa, I. (2013). Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites. Materials & Design, 46, 391-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
27
27. Dicker, M. P. M., Duckworth, P. F., Baker, A. B., Francois, G., Hazzard, M. K., & Weaver, P. M. (2014). Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
]
|
Leaf |
Sisal |
1.5 |
74-75 |
10-13.9 |
7.6-7.9 |
0.4 |
72.2 |
[
24
24. Leão, A. L., Rowell, R., & Tavares, N. (1998). Applications of natural fibers in automotive industry in Brazil. In P. N. Prasad, J. E. Mark, S. H. Kandil, & Z. H. Kaifi (Eds.), Science and technology of polymers and advanced materials (pp. 755-761). New York: Plenum Press.
,
25
25. Satyanarayana, K. G., Ravikumar, K. K., Sukumaran, K., Mukherjee, P. S., Pillai, S. G. K., & Kulkarni, A. G. (1986). Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres. Journal of Materials Science, 21(1), 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699...
,
27
27. Dicker, M. P. M., Duckworth, P. F., Baker, A. B., Francois, G., Hazzard, M. K., & Weaver, P. M. (2014). Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
,
36
36. Azwa, Z. N., Yousif, B. F., Manalo, A. C., & Karunasena, W. (2013). A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Materials & Design, 47, 424-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
37
37. Ratna Prasad, A. V., & Rao, K. M. (2011). Mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polyester composites: Jowar, sisal and bamboo. Materials & Design, 32(8-9), 4658-4663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011....
]
|
Banana |
1.5 |
60-65 |
6-8 |
5-10 |
1.2 |
39 |
[
28
28. Sarikanat, M., Seki, Y., Sever, K., & Durmuşkahya, C. (2014). Determination of properties of L. (Marshmallow) fibres as a potential plant fibre in polymeric composite materials. Althaea officinalisComposites Part B: Engineering, 57, 180-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb....
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36
36. Azwa, Z. N., Yousif, B. F., Manalo, A. C., & Karunasena, W. (2013). A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Materials & Design, 47, 424-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
38
38. Guimarães, J. L., Frollini, E., Da Silva, C. G., Wypych, F., & Satyanarayana, K. G. (2009). Characterization of banana, sugarcane bagasse and sponge gourd fibers of Brazil. Crops and Products, 30(3), 407-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.07.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009...
]
|
Abaca |
1.5 |
56-63 |
20-25 |
7.9 |
- |
68.7 |
[
36
36. Azwa, Z. N., Yousif, B. F., Manalo, A. C., & Karunasena, W. (2013). A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Materials & Design, 47, 424-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
39
39. Liu, K., Takagi, H., Osugi, R., & Yang, Z. (2012). Effect of physicochemical structure of natural fiber on transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional abaca/bamboo fiber composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 43(8), 1234-1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.02.020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
]
|
Raffia |
- |
44.6 |
13.5 |
2.7 |
- |
64 |
[
40
40. Habibi, Y., El-Zawawy, W. K., Ibrahim, M. M., & Dufresne, A. (2008). Processing and characterization of reinforced polyethylene composites made with lignocellulosic fibers from Egyptian agro-industrial residues. Composites Science and Technology, 68(7-8), 1877-1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.01.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech....
]
|
Pineapple |
0.8-1.6 |
83 |
- |
12 |
- |
38 |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
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25
25. Satyanarayana, K. G., Ravikumar, K. K., Sukumaran, K., Mukherjee, P. S., Pillai, S. G. K., & Kulkarni, A. G. (1986). Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres. Journal of Materials Science, 21(1), 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699...
,
36
36. Azwa, Z. N., Yousif, B. F., Manalo, A. C., & Karunasena, W. (2013). A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Materials & Design, 47, 424-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
41
41. Sipião, B. L. L., Paiva, R. L. M., Goulart, S. A. S., & Mulinari, D. R. (2011). Effect of chemical modification on mechanical behaviour of polypropylene reinforced pineapple crown fibers composites. Procedia Engineering, 10, 2028-2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011....
]
|
Curauá |
1.4 |
70.7 |
21.1 |
7.5 |
0.8 |
75.6 |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
,
30
30. Satyanarayana, K. G., Guimarães, J. L., & Wypych, F. (2007). Studies on lignocellulosic fibers of Brazil. Part I: source, production, morphology, properties and applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(7), 1694-1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.02.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
,
42
42. Hoareau, W., Trindade, W. G., Siegmund, B., Castellan, A., & Frollini, E. (2004). Sugar cane bagasse and curaua lignins oxidized by chlorine dioxide and reacted with furfuryl alcohol: characterization and stability. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 86(3), 567-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegrads...
]
|
Piassava |
28,6 |
31.6 |
- |
48.4 |
- |
- |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
,
43
43. D’Almedia, J. R. M., Aquino, R. C. M. P., & Monteiro, S. N. (2006). Tensile mechanical properties, morphological aspects and chemical characterization of piassava (Attalea funifera) fibers. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37(9), 1473-1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
]
|
Fruit/Seed |
Kapok |
- |
50.7 |
49.3 |
13.4 |
- |
35.3 |
[
44
44. Wang, J., Zheng, Y., & Wang, A. (2012). Effect of kapok fiber treated with various solvents on oil absorbency. Industrial Crops and Products, 40, 178-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012...
,
45
45. Tye, Y. Y., Lee, K. T., Wan Abdullah, W. N., & Leh, C. P. (2013). Potential of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok) fiber as a resource for second generation bioethanol: parametric optimization and comparative study of various pretreatments prior enzymatic saccharification for sugar production. Bioresource Technology, 140, 10-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.069. PMid:23672935 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.201...
]
|
Cotton stalk |
1.5 |
50,6 |
28.4 |
23.1 |
- |
74 |
[
40
40. Habibi, Y., El-Zawawy, W. K., Ibrahim, M. M., & Dufresne, A. (2008). Processing and characterization of reinforced polyethylene composites made with lignocellulosic fibers from Egyptian agro-industrial residues. Composites Science and Technology, 68(7-8), 1877-1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.01.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech....
]
|
Sleeve |
- |
55 |
20.6 |
23.8 |
- |
- |
[
46
46. Elizalde-González, M. P., & Hernández-Montoya, V. (2007). Characterization of adsorbent materials prepared from avocado kernel seeds: natural, activated and carbonized forms. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 36, 230-238.
]
|
Weed |
- |
69 |
- |
17 |
- |
74.1 |
[
47
47. Henrique, M. A., Silvério, H. A., Flauzino Neto, W. P., & Pasquini, D. (2013). Valorization of an agro-industrial waste, mango seed, by the extraction and characterization of its cellulose nanocrystals. Journal of Environmental Management, 121, 202-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.054. PMid:23542530 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013...
]
|
Luffa cylindrica |
0.82 |
62 |
20 |
11.2 |
0.40 |
59.1 |
[
48
48. Almeida, J. M. R., Boynard, C. A., & Monteiro, S. N. (2000). Effect of chemical treatments on the surface morphology of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) fibers. In Proceedings from 3rd International Symposium on Natural Polymers and Composites – ISNaPol (pp. 27). São Pedro: Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária.
,
49
49. Tanobe, V. O. A., Sydenstricker, T. H. D., Munaro, M., & Amico, S. C. A. (2005). A comprehensive characterization of chemically treated Brazilian sponge-gourds (Luffa cylindrica). Polymer Testing, 24(4), 474-482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.12.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesti...
]
|
Coir |
1.2 |
43-53 |
14.7 |
38-40 |
|
44 |
[
23
23. Hattalli, S., Benaboura, A., Ham-Pichavant, F., Nourmamode, A., & Castellan, A. (2002). Adding value to Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) soda lignin as phenolic resins 1. Lignin characterization. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 76(2), 259-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)...
,
25
25. Satyanarayana, K. G., Ravikumar, K. K., Sukumaran, K., Mukherjee, P. S., Pillai, S. G. K., & Kulkarni, A. G. (1986). Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres. Journal of Materials Science, 21(1), 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144699...
,
26
26. Majeed, K., Jawaid, M., Hassan, A., Abu Bakar, A., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Salema, A. A., & Inuwa, I. (2013). Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites. Materials & Design, 46, 391-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012....
,
37
37. Ratna Prasad, A. V., & Rao, K. M. (2011). Mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polyester composites: Jowar, sisal and bamboo. Materials & Design, 32(8-9), 4658-4663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011....
,
43
43. D’Almedia, J. R. M., Aquino, R. C. M. P., & Monteiro, S. N. (2006). Tensile mechanical properties, morphological aspects and chemical characterization of piassava (Attalea funifera) fibers. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37(9), 1473-1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa....
]
|
Wood |
Soft density |
- |
30-60 |
20-30 |
21-37 |
≤1 |
- |
[
50
50. Jawaid, M., & Abdul Khalil, H. P. S. (2011). Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011...
]
|
Hard density |
- |
31-64 |
25-40 |
14-34 |
≤1 |
71.6 |
[
50
50. Jawaid, M., & Abdul Khalil, H. P. S. (2011). Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011...
,
51
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]
|
Talus |
Rice straw |
- |
43.2 |
31.7 |
16.9 |
9.9 |
77 |
[
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|
Wheat straw |
- |
43.2 |
34.1 |
22 |
4.99 |
54.4 |
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53
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54
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]
|
Barley |
- |
31-45 |
14-15 |
24-29 |
- |
- |
[
56
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|
Corn straw |
- |
39.82 |
23.19 |
11.98 |
- |
50.3 |
[
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|
Reed |
Bamboo |
0.6-1.1 |
33-45 |
30 |
20-25 |
- |
59.7 |
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]
|
Bagasse |
1.25 |
69.4 |
21 |
4.4 |
0.6 |
45.2 |
[
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|