Preliminary analysis of N-vinylpyrrolidone based polymer gel dosimeter

This paper aims to evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of modified VIPARnd for radiotherapy dosimetry using optical investigations. The absorbance spectrum of the irradiated gel dosimeter was evaluated optically with spectrophotometer techniques and with a CMOS imaging system. The useful dose range for the peak value and the relative area under the absorbance curve is 3-20 Gy. The dose-response curve for CMOS readout has an interval of linearity from 3-20 Gy. The modified VIPARnd developed has a good dose range and good temporal stability in the spectrophotometric analysis of the intervals studied. The CMOS readout is transportable, cheaper, easier to use and an excellent alternative for dosimetry.

Keywords:
polymer gel dosimetry; optical analysis; N-vinylpyrrolidone; radiotherapy

Authorship

Juliana Rosada Dias

Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilBrasília, DF, Brasil Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil

Thyago Fressatti Mangueira

Departamento de Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília – UCB, Brasília, DF, Brasil Universidade Católica de Brasília BrasilBrasília, DF, Brasil Departamento de Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília – UCB, Brasília, DF, Brasil

Roseany de Vasconcelos Vieira Lopes

Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilBrasília, DF, Brasil Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil

Faculdade do Gama – FGA, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Gama, DF, Brasil Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilGama, DF, Brasil Faculdade do Gama – FGA, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Gama, DF, Brasil

Maria José Araújo Sales

Artemis Marti Ceschin ^* * artemis@pgea.unb.br

* artemis@pgea.unb.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (11)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Process of radiolysis of water^[³⁰30 Tauhata, L., Salati, I. P., Di Prinzio, R., & Di Prinzio, A. R. (2006). Radioproteção e dosimetria: fundamentos. Rio de Janeiro: IRD/CNEN.

31 Wang, Y., & Wang, H. (2009). The radiation-induced peroxidation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) in an aqueous solution. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 78(3), 234-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.11.005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem... ^-³²32 Hassouna, F., Therias, S., Mailhot, G., & Gardette, J. (2009). Photooxidation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Polymer Degradation & Stability , 94(12), 2257-2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegrad... ^].

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Figure 2
Breaking possibilities of BIS molecules^[³³33 Kozicki, M., Filipczak, K., & Rosiak, J. M. (2003). Reactions of hydroxyl radicals, H atoms and hydrated electrons with N-N’-methylenebisacrylamide in aqueous solution. A pulse radiolysis study. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 68(5), 827-835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(03)00311-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(03... ^].

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Figure 3
Breaking N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) molecule without oxygen fixation^[³²32 Hassouna, F., Therias, S., Mailhot, G., & Gardette, J. (2009). Photooxidation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Polymer Degradation & Stability , 94(12), 2257-2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegrad... ^].

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Figure 4
Proposal of possible reactions between molecules of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and N,N’methylenebisacrylamide (BIS)^[³⁰30 Tauhata, L., Salati, I. P., Di Prinzio, R., & Di Prinzio, A. R. (2006). Radioproteção e dosimetria: fundamentos. Rio de Janeiro: IRD/CNEN. ^].

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Figure 5
Air bubble in an irradiated modified VIPARnd gel cuvette.

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Figure 6
(a) Representes cuvettes of irradiated modified VIPARnd. The dose absorbed from left to right is 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 Gy and (b) Image acquired by the imaging system developed. The dose absorbed from left to right is 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 Gy.

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Figure 7
Visible and Ultraviolet absorption spectra for modified VIPARnd at 24h after irradiation measured in Gray (Gy).

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Figure 8
The relative maximum UV-VIS absorbance as a function of absorbed dose. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the relative maximum absorbance values measured in Gray (Gy).

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Figure 9
The relative area under the UV-VIS spectra as a function of absorbed dose. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the relative area values measured in Gray (Gy).

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Figure 10
Relative inverse gray value as a function of absorbed dose. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the relative inverse gray values measured in Gray (Gy).

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Figure 11
Variation of maximum UV-VIS absorbance at different times post-irradiation measured in Gray (Gy).

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Table 1
Gel composition.

Figure 1 Process of radiolysis of water^[³⁰30 Tauhata, L., Salati, I. P., Di Prinzio, R., & Di Prinzio, A. R. (2006). Radioproteção e dosimetria: fundamentos. Rio de Janeiro: IRD/CNEN.

31 Wang, Y., & Wang, H. (2009). The radiation-induced peroxidation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) in an aqueous solution. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 78(3), 234-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.11.005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem... ^-³²32 Hassouna, F., Therias, S., Mailhot, G., & Gardette, J. (2009). Photooxidation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Polymer Degradation & Stability , 94(12), 2257-2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegrad... ^].

Figure 2 Breaking possibilities of BIS molecules^[³³33 Kozicki, M., Filipczak, K., & Rosiak, J. M. (2003). Reactions of hydroxyl radicals, H atoms and hydrated electrons with N-N’-methylenebisacrylamide in aqueous solution. A pulse radiolysis study. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 68(5), 827-835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(03)00311-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(03... ^].

Figure 3 Breaking N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) molecule without oxygen fixation^[³²32 Hassouna, F., Therias, S., Mailhot, G., & Gardette, J. (2009). Photooxidation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Polymer Degradation & Stability , 94(12), 2257-2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegrad... ^].

Figure 4 Proposal of possible reactions between molecules of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and N,N’methylenebisacrylamide (BIS)^[³⁰30 Tauhata, L., Salati, I. P., Di Prinzio, R., & Di Prinzio, A. R. (2006). Radioproteção e dosimetria: fundamentos. Rio de Janeiro: IRD/CNEN. ^].

Figure 5 Air bubble in an irradiated modified VIPARnd gel cuvette.

Figure 6 (a) Representes cuvettes of irradiated modified VIPARnd. The dose absorbed from left to right is 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 Gy and (b) Image acquired by the imaging system developed. The dose absorbed from left to right is 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 Gy.

Figure 7 Visible and Ultraviolet absorption spectra for modified VIPARnd at 24h after irradiation measured in Gray (Gy).

Figure 8 The relative maximum UV-VIS absorbance as a function of absorbed dose. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the relative maximum absorbance values measured in Gray (Gy).

Figure 9 The relative area under the UV-VIS spectra as a function of absorbed dose. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the relative area values measured in Gray (Gy).

Figure 10 Relative inverse gray value as a function of absorbed dose. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the relative inverse gray values measured in Gray (Gy).

Figure 11 Variation of maximum UV-VIS absorbance at different times post-irradiation measured in Gray (Gy).

Table 1 Gel composition.

Component	Concentration
Gelatin (300 Bloom)	3.5% w/v
N,N’methylenebisacrylamide (BIS)	2% w/v
N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP)	4% w/v
Ascorbic acid (ASC)	397 mM
Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄.5H₂O)	32 mM
Pure Water	90.5% w/v

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[1] * artemis@pgea.unb.br