Shield et al.[1919 Shield, S. R., & Ghebremeskel, G. M. (2003). Use of mid and near infrared techniques as tools for characterizing blends of copolymers of styrene–butadiene and acrylonitrile-butadiene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88(7), 1653-1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11849 ...
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2003 |
FT-MIR Analysis (medium infrared) and FT-NIR (near infrared) were used to NBR/SBR determination. Obtaining modes: MIR - transmission and ATR/ NIR – optical fiber – NBR band – 2240 cm-1 and SBR – 1600 cm -1. NIR range – 5443 - 6103 cm-1. Methodology errors MIR – 4% and NIR – 2%. |
Although the relative error of methodology was compared with methods as TGA (10%), a medium intensity band (1600 cm-1) was used for SBR, which may probably cause a greater error than if it were used at 700 cm-1, for lower contents of this polymer. |
Dutra et al.[1717 Dutra, R. C. L., Diniz, M. F., Ribeiro, A. P., Lourenço, V. L., Cassu, S. N., & Azevedo, M. P. (2004). Determinação do teor de NR/SBR em misturas: associação de dados DTG e FT-IR e/ou ensaios auxiliares. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 14(5), 334-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282004000500011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1428200...
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2004 |
NR/SBR blends were analyzed by FT-IR transmission/controlled pyrolysis and TGA/DTG, with linear correlation 0.998 and methodology error 1.73%, within the accuracy limits of the equipment. |
Controlled pyrolysis technique, while accurate, involves elaborate sample preparation and requires reasonable analysis time. Using thermal analysis technique to validate data, although more accurate, is more complex, depending on the rubbers degradation temperatures being adequate, that is the degradation of one rubber finish before the other begins. |
Berridi et al.[2020 Fernández-Berridi, M. J., González, N., Mugica, A., & Bernicot, C. (2006). Pyrolysis-FTIR and TGA techniques as tools in the characterization of blends of natural rubber and SBR. Thermochimica Acta, 444(1), 65-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.02.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.02...
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2006 |
NR/SBR blends were analyzed by FT-IR transmission / pyrolysis in Bunsen burner and TGA/DTG. FT-IR was more effective in the determination. |
Pyrolysis technique in Bunsen burner is less precise than the controlled one, however, relative bands were used. There was no comment on methodology errors. |
Chakraborty et al.[1111 Ghebremeskel, G. N., Sekinger, J. K., Hoffpauir, J. L., & Hendrix, C. (1996). A study on the thermal degradation products of styrene-butadiene type rubber by pyrolysis/GC/MS. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 69(5), 874-884. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538409 ...
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2007 |
Determination of acrylonitrile (AN) content in NBR gum (without additives) by FT-IR transmission/cast film, with reference values obtained by the Kjeldhal method, measuring contents up to around 40%. |
Cast film technique involves solvent use, elaborated sample preparation, and there may be interference associated with the solvent/polymer interaction, and requires reasonable analysis time. Validation by Kjeldhal or any other instrumental method, although more precise, implies knowledge of both techniques for elaboration of the calibration curve. |
Lee et al.[2121 Lee, S. Y., Lee, W., Cho, S., Kim, I., & Ha, C. (2007). Quantitative analysis of unknown compositions in ternary polymer blends: a model study on NR/SBR/BR system. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 78(1), 85-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.05.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.0...
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2007 |
NR, SBR and BR content determination in a ternary mixture of these elastomers by transmission/pyrolysis FT-IR in Bunsen burner, TGA, DSC and by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry coupling by pyrolysis (Py-GC / MS). This last method was more precise, there was interference of one elastomer in the other, with the other techniques. |
There was considerable variation in contents determination, especially by TGA and FT-IR, but it should also be considered that the use of coupling techniques requires specialists in both areas, in this case, chromatography and mass, for better results interpretation. |
Sanches et al.[99 Sanches, N. B., Diniz, M. F., Alves, L. C., Dutra, J. C. N., Cassu, S. N., Azevedo, M. F. P., Mattos, E. C., & Dutra, R. C. L. (2008). Avaliação da aplicabilidade de técnicas FT-IR de reflexão (UATR) e de transmissão para a determinação do teor de acrilonitrila (AN) em NBR. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia , 18(3), 249-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282008000300011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1428200...
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2008 |
Determination of acrylonitrile (AN) content in NBR non-vulcanized/vulcanized by FT-IR transmission / pyrolysis in Bunsen burner and controlled, with solvent extraction and by UATR, as received, measuring contents up to around 50%. Techniques presented similar precision, but UATR was more adequate to the determination, due to the shorter analysis time and the smaller amount of sample used. |
UATR method was used to determine the AN content in the rubber used in this study. |
Harada[2222 Harada, M. (2015). Analytical methods for vulcanized rubbers. Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi , 88(6), 192-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.88.192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.88.192 ...
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2016 |
It focuses on rubber analysis techniques, such as infrared, TGA, Py-GC/MS, but in the FT-IR analysis the focus is on qualitative reflection analysis for component verification. |
The quantitative part is also centered on the Py-GC/MS analysis. FT-IR is cited qualitatively. |
Ujianto et al.[2323 Ujianto, O., Putri, D. B., Jayatin, & AWinarto, D. (2017). A comparative study of ground tire rubber devulcanization using twin screw extruder and internal mixer. IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering, 223, 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/223/1/012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/223...
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2017 |
It focuses on FT-IR of NR |
Qualitative analysis, aiming at the evaluation of spectrometric changes, resulting from devulcanization. |
Datta et al.[2424 Datta, S., Antos, J., & Stocek, R. (2017). Characterisation of ground tyre rubber by using combination of FT-IR numerical parameter and DTG analysis to determine the composition of ternary rubber blend. Polymer Testing, 59, 308-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.02.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertest...
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2017 |
Determination of NR, SBR and BR contents in ternary mixture by FT-IR and TGA. Bands 1375 (NR), 699 (SBR) and 738 (BR) cm-1 and relative bands were used in the FT-IR methodology. |
The vinylidene band at 885 cm-1, which would be more characteristic of NR, could have been tested. |