Democratizing the access to college education: Brazilian race/color classification in affirmative action’s debate

Teixeira, Moema De Poli

doi:10.1590/S0104-40362018002601768

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Artigo Original • Ensaio: aval. pol. públ. educ. 26 (100) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-40362018002601768 copy

Democratizing the access to college education: Brazilian race/color classification in affirmative action’s debate¹ 1 Updated version of an oral presentation at the XXIX International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association (LASA). October 6-9, 2010), Toronto, Canada.

Democratizando o acesso ao ensino superior: classificação brasileira de cor/raça no debate sobre a ação afirmativa

Democratización del acceso a la educación universitaria: clasificación brasileña de la raza/color en el debate sobre la acción afirmativa

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

One of the principal aspects to develop affirmative action in Brazil comprises how to define target population, which includes uses and perceptions of ethnic/racial/color categories. The present paper has the main objective of bringing the analysis about IBGE’s² race/color classifications contribute to the design of affirmative action in Brazil using categories historically constructed with the endorsement of official statistics. The color issues in the Brazilian Census and the experiences, including the racial designation as an open response, has been studied since 1872, and it is noted that there are two dimensions to be observed in the affirmative action debate: a structural and other cultural involving race/color classifications in Brazil. The statistics are fundamental to build the best evidence in shaping public policy. On the other hand, we must recognize ethnic and racial identities as cultural phenomena that are susceptible to change, which drives us to continue the discussion, trying to capture the meaning of these transformations. The affirmative action debate may not disqualify any of these approaches to knowledge about race relations in Brazil.

Race/color Classification; Brazilian Census; College Education; Affirmative Action

Distributions of responses to race/color self-identification

Categories	PME/98	Accumulated	PNAD/76	Accumulated
Branca (White)	54.24		49.45
Morena (Tanned, Dark haired, light Brown)	20.89	75.13	24.8	74.25
Parda (Mixed-race)	10.4	85.53	8.47	82.72
Preta (Black)	4.26	89.79	5.61	88.33
Negra (Negro)	3.14	92.93	0.1	88.43
Morena Clara	2.92	95.85	2.75	91.18
Amarela (Asian)	1.11	96.96	1.53	92.71
Mulata (Mulatto)	0.81	97.77	1.24	93.95
Clara (Fair)	0.78	98.55	1.5	95.45
Morena Escura	0.45	99.00	0.54	95.45
Escura (Dark)	0.38		1.08	97.07
Indígena (Native Brazilian)	0.13
Brasileira (Brazilian)	0.12
Mestiça (Mixed-race)	0.08		0.05	97.12
Loira (Blonde)	0.05		0.39	97.51
Branca + **	0.04		0.01	97.52
Other	0.19		2.48	100.00
Total	100.00		100.00

PME – JULY 1998

Metropolitan Areas	Branca	Preta	Parda	Amarela	Indígena
Recife	74.5	16.9	4.2	28.3	3.9
Salvador	87.3	44.9	47.2	67.2	29.8
Belo Horizonte	75.6	27.0	9.8	40.0	7.7
São Paulo	91.7	41.6	33.0	93.8	15.6
Rio de Janeiro	94.8	59.3	52.4	44.4	14.0
Porto Alegre	95.4	62.1	52.5	48.0	41.8

PME – July 1998.

Metropolitan areas	Branca	Preta	Parda	Amarela	Indígena
Recife	-	Morena 82.0%	Morena 60.5%	Branca 29.1%	Morena 78.9%
Salvador	-	-	-	-	Morena 44.7%
Belo Horizonte	-	Negra 33.9%	Morena 70.4%	-	Morena 69.8%
São Paulo	-	Negra 42.7%	Morena 59.2%	-	Morena 61.5%
Rio de Janeiro	-	-	-	-	Morena 68.6%
Porto Alegre	-	-	-	-	-
Brazil	-	Morena 56.7%	-	-	Morena 64.3%

Color or Race	AM	PB	SP	RS	MT	DF
Branca	15.9	30.7	51.1	59.5	29.8	28.6
Morena	48.9	45.9	18.6	11.8	34.5	19.8
Parda	22.9	10.5	14.1	3.3	17.9	27.4
Negra	3.4	4.5	9.2	5.1	10.3	10.8
Preta	1.7	0.8	1.3	1.6	1.8	0.7
Aamarela	1.6	1.0	1.6	0.4	0.9	1.0
Sub Total	94.4	93.4	95.9	81.7	95.2	88.3
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Color or Race	AM	PB	SP	RS	MT	DF
Amarela	0.7	0.1	1.4	0.1	0.4	0.4
Branca	22.4	37.2	64.4	80.8	39.2	41.4
Indígena	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.4	1.4	0.3
Parda	73.9	57.2	28.4	13.8	50.9	49.6
Preta	2.6	5.2	5.4	4.9	7.9	8.1
Sem declaração	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

self-declaration		Interviewer

		Branca	Morena	Parda	Negra	Preta	Amarela	Indígena	Outras	Total
Branca	AM	74.7	8.8	14.2	0	0	1.1	1.1	0.1	100
	PB	76.9	0.2	21.3	1.6	0	0	0	0	100
	SP	91.5	2.1	5,.3	0.1	0	0.3	0	0.7	100
	RS	92.7	2.1	4.1	0.3	0	0	0.1	0.7	100
	MT	85.9	2.6	10.6	0.7	0	0	0	0.2	100
	DF	70.1	7.7	16.4	0	0	0	0	5.8	100

Morena	AM	7.5	40.2	43.6	5.1	2.0	0.4	1.0	0.2	100
	PB	17.8	7.6	55.1	15.5	3.2	0.	0	0.8	100
	SP	29.6	21.8	39.0	7.0	0.9	0,.4	0	1.3	100
	RS	43.8	21.6	22.7	7.1	3.1	0	0	1.7	100
	MT	12.4	21.1	54.3	10.6	0.8	0	0.8	0	100
	DF	19.3	28.1	42.2	9.5	0	0	0	0,9	100

Parda	AM	16.1	22.9	58.8	0.8	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.5	100
	PB	26.5	5.5	65.9	1.5	0.6	0	0	0	100
	SP	24.8	13.0	54.8	5.9	1.1	0.1	0	0.3	100
	RS	43.9	10.3	39.3	3.4	1.7	0	0.5	0.9	100
	MT	4.2	13.9	24.3	56.2	1.0	0	0.4	0	100
	DF	18.6	34.6	39.0	7.8	0	0	0	0	100

Negra	AM	2.7	24.8	28.3	44.1	0	0	0	0.1	100
	PB	7.3	1.2	257	65.0	0.8	0	0	0	100
	SP	2.2	11.2	16.2	67.3	2.7	0	0	0.4	100
	RS	7.7	9.0	17.6	51.8	13.0	0	0	0.9	100
	MT	18.6	25.7	37.8	15.8	0.8	0	1.2	0.1	100
	DF	2.4	29.9	5.8	61.9	0	0	0	0	100

Preta	AM	0	35.3	25.1	10.3	18.2	0	11.0	0.1	100
	PB	0	0	84.1	15.9	0	0	0	0	100
	SP	1.6	5.5	21.6	45.1	25.8	0	0	0.4	100
	RS	2.5	12.1	6.6	58.8	18.0	0	0	2.0	100

Amarela	AM	32.0	48.6	5.8	0	0	13.6	0	0	100
	PB	38.1	0	61.9	0	0	0	0	0	100
	SP	14.7	2.1	4.2	0	0	71.7	0	7.3	100
	MT	7.7	28.9	18.5	36.8	6.3	0	1.7	0.1	100
	DF	16.1	43.6	40.3	0	0	0	0	0	100

Indígena	AM	4.6	2.9	20.7	0	0	0	68.0	3.8	100

Outras	AM	18.5	32.6	39.5	3.2	0	4.8	0	1.4	100
	PB	34.2	2.9	52.8	10.1	0	0	0	0	100
	SP	49.9	7.3	26.5	4.6	0	5.3	0	6.4	100
	RS	67.7	8.1	18.0	0.9	1.5	0	0.8	3.0	100
	MT	43.1	16.8	23.7	13.0	0	0	0	3.4	100
	DF	34,0	22,5	31,8	11,7	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	100,0

Type of criteria	To people in general			To the interviewed

	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Did not answer (0)	0.69	17.30	35.72	0.41	25.84	42.85
Phenotypic features (1)	69.97	46.26	23.53	60.25	42.14	25.04
Origin (2)	28.68	34.91	38.77	38.21	30.92	30.63
Ideological-Political (3)	0.57	1.49	1.82	0.39	1.01	1.41
Other (7)	0,08	0,04	0,16	0,74	0,09	0,07

Race or Color	1999	2004	2008	2015
Amarela (Asian)	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5
Branca (White)	54.0	51.3	48.4	45.2
Indígena (Indian)	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.4
Parda (Brown)	40.0	42.2	43.8	45.1
Preta (Black)	5.4	5.9	6.8	8.9
Sem declaração (None)	0	0	0.1	0
Total Global	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0

	Branca	Morena	Parda	Negra	Preta	Amarela	Total da Amostra
No declaration	25.9%	52.6%	40.0%	40.8%	45.4%	7.3%	35.0%
Single origin once declared	78.6%	67.5%	60.8%	58.7%	59.1%	81.5%	72.9%
Multiple origins once declared	21.4%	32.5%	39.2%	41.3%	40.9%	18.5%	27.1%

Origin	Branca	Morena	Parda	Negra	Preta	Amarela
None	25.9%	52.6%	40.0%	40.8%	45.4%	7.3%
sul americana	0.8%	1.0%	1.0%	0.2%	0.5%	0.0%
extremo oriente	1.4%	2.5%	1.6%	0.5%	0.9%	72.6%
oriente médio	0.6%	0.1%	0.4%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%
norte-americana	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
judaica	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
indígena	4.5%	14.3%	15.2%	11.8%	15.3%	0.3%
européia	50.1%	10.5%	11.4%	5.1%	0.8%	2.7%
centro-americana	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%
africana	0.8%	3.5%	6.6%	17.0%	14.9%	0.0%
européia+indígena	6.1%	5.0%	6.9%	1.2%	0.5%	2.3%
africana+européia	2.3%	1.6%	4.0%	5.8%	14.5%	0.2%
africana+indígena	0.6%	2.7%	3.4%	9.6%	4.0%	0.6%
européia+indígena+africana	1.5%	2.0%	3.8%	4.6%	0.0%	0.4%
européia+extremo oriente	1.8%	0.2%	0.8%	0.0%	0.0%	4.3%
indígena+extremo oriente	0.4%	0.8%	0.8%	0.5%	0.0%	5.4%
européia+sul americana	0.6%	0.3%	0.1%	0.0%	1.5%	0.0%
indígena+sul americana	0.4%	0.3%	0.7%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%
européia+extremo oriente+indígena	0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	0.1%	0.0%	1.3%

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[1] Informações da autora

Moema de Poli Teixeira: Assessora Plena/Departamento Acadêmico/Fundação Cesgranrio. Doutora em Antropologia – Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Contato: moema@cesgranrio.org.br

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Democratizing the access to college education: Brazilian race/color classification in affirmative action’s debate1 1 Updated version of an oral presentation at the XXIX International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association (LASA). October 6-9, 2010), Toronto, Canada.

Democratizando o acesso ao ensino superior: classificação brasileira de cor/raça no debate sobre a ação afirmativa

Democratización del acceso a la educación universitaria: clasificación brasileña de la raza/color en el debate sobre la acción afirmativa

Abstract

Democratizing the access to college education: Brazilian race/color classification in affirmative action’s debate¹ 1 Updated version of an oral presentation at the XXIX International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association (LASA). October 6-9, 2010), Toronto, Canada.