Adams et al.44 Adams GR, Haddad F, Baldwin KM. Time course of changes in markers of myogenesis in overloaded rat skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999; 87(5):1705-12.
|
Unilateral |
Plantar mass Rat body mass |
6, 12, 24 and 48 h 3, 7 and 12 days |
12 d Body mass (g) (226 ± 5 to 257 ± 6) Muscle mass (mg/g) (1.07 ± 0.02 to 1.73 ± 0.18) |
Dunn et al.6464 Dunn SE, Burn JL, Michel RN. Calcineurin is required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274:21908-12.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area of muscle |
7, 14 and 28 days |
28 d Cross-sectional area increased 75% compared to control |
Bodine et al55 Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, et al. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2001; 3(11):1014-9.
|
Bilateral |
Muscle mass |
7, 14 and 30 days |
7 d Muscle mass increased by 25% 14 d Muscle mass increased by 38% |
Adams et al.6565 Adams GR, Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baldwin KM. Cellular and molecular responses to increased skeletal muscle loading after irradiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002; 283(4):C1182-95.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area |
6 and 24 h 3, 7, 15 and 90 days |
90 d 46% increase in cross-sectional area of muscle fibers |
Lee et al.6262 Lee WJ, Thompson RW, McClung JM, Carson JA. Regulation of androgen receptor expression at the onset of functional overload in rat plantaris muscle. Am J Physiol Reg Integr Comp Physiol. 2003; 285(5):R1076-85.
|
Bilateral |
Muscle mass |
1, 3, 7 and 21 days |
1 d Increased by 10% 3 d Increased by 31% 21 d Increased by 21% |
Yamaguchi et al.1212 Yamaguchi A, Ikeda Y, Hirai T, Fujikawa T, Morita I. Local changes of IGF-1 mRNA, GH receptor MRNA, and fiber size in rat plantaris muscle following compensatory overload. Jpn J Physiol. 2003; 53:53-60.
|
Unilateral |
Cross-sectional area |
3 and 14 days |
14 d Increased by 43.3 ± 3.8% |
Sakuma et al.6363 Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Sano M, Uramoto I, Totsuka T. Differential adaptation of growth and differentiation factor 8/myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor in overloaded, regenerating and denervated rat muscles. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1497(1):77-88.
|
Unilateral |
Muscle mass |
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14 and 28 days |
1 d Increased by 56% 3 d Increased by 40,9% 6 d Increased by 31.3 % 10 d Increased by 44.8 % 14 d Increased by 46.8% 28 d Increased by 76.2% |
Pehme et al.1414 Pehme A, Alev K, Julkunen A, Seene T. The effect of mechanical loading on the MyHC synthesis rate and composition in rat plantaris muscle. Int J Sports Med. 2004; 25(5):332-8.
|
Bilateral |
Muscle mass |
14 days |
14 d Increased by 40% |
DiPasquale et al.11 DiPasquale DM, Cheng M, Billich W, Huang SA, Rooijen N, Hornberger TA, et al. Urokinase - type plasminogen activator and macrophages are required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007; 293(4):1278-85.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area |
1, 3, 5 and 14 days |
3 d Increase in peak edema No statistical difference in cross-sectional area of muscle in 3 days |
Marino et al.66 Marino JS, Taush BJ, Dearth CL, Manacci MV, McLoughlin TJ, Rakyta SJ, et al. Beta2-integrins contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008; 295(4):1026-36.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area Peak edema |
3, 7 and 14 days |
3 d Statistical difference in cross-sectional area of muscle Retention of 90% water 7 d 5% Increase in cross-sectional area of muscle Retention of 70% water 14 d 21% increase in cross-sectional area of muscle Retention of 45% water |
Novack et al.1818 Novack ML, Billich W, Smith S, Sukhija KB, McLoughlin TJ, Hornberger TA, et al. COX-2 inhibitor reduces skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009; 296(4):R1132-9.
|
Bilateral |
Plantar mass Peak edema |
1, 3, 5 and 14 days |
14 d 80% increase in muscle mass Peak edema in 5 days |
Huey et al.1919 Huey KA, Burdette S, Zhong H, Roy RR. Early response of heat shock proteins to functional overload of the soleus and plantaris in rats and mice. Exp Physiol. 2010; 95(12):1145-55.
|
Bilateral |
Relative and absolute plantaris muscle |
12 h, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days |
7 d Relative mass increased by 15% Absolute mass increased by 21% |
Pavaresh et al.22 Pavaresh KC, Huber AM, Brochin RL, Bacon PL, McCall G.E, Huey KA, et al. Acute vascular endothelial growth factor expression during hypertrophy is muscle phenotype specific and localizes as a striated pattern within fibers. Exp Physiol. 2010; 95(11):1098-106.
|
Bilateral |
Absolute and relative mass |
3 and 7 days |
3 d Absolute mass increased by 10% Relative mass increased by 18% 7 d Absolute mass increased by 21% Relative mass increased by 20% |
Goodman et al.77 Goodman CA, Mayhew DL, Hornberger TA. Recent progress toward understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle mass. Cell Signal. 2011; 23(12):1896-906.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area |
7 and 14 days |
14 d Increased by 30% |
Schuenke et al.99 Schuenke MD, Brooks NE, Hikida RS. Interactions of aging, overload and creatine supplementation in rat plantaris muscle. J Aging Res. 2011; 2011:393416.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area |
28 days |
28 d Increased by 35% in young rats Increased by 21% in older rats |
Goodman et al.88 Goodman CA, Kotecki JA, Jacobs BL, Hornberger TA. Muscle fiber type-dependent differences in the regulation of protein synthesis. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e37890.
|
Bilateral |
Cross-sectional area |
10 days |
10 d 1,000 ± 60 vs. 2,000 ± 200 (µm2) |
Gordon et al.2020 Gordon BS, Delgado Dias DC, White JP, Carson JA, Kostec MC. Six1 and Six1 cofactor expression is altered during early skeletal muscle overload in mice. J Physiol Sci. 2012; 62(5):393-401.
|
Bilateral |
Muscle mass |
1 and 3 days |
1 d Increased by 48 ± 9% (m±SD) 3 d Increased by 73 ± 17% (m±SD) |
Bentzinger et al.6161 Bentzinger CF, Lin S, Romanino K, Castets P, Guridi M, Summermatter S, et al. Differential response of skeletal muscles to mTORC1 signaling during atrophy and hypertrophy. Skelet Muscle. 2013; 3(1):6.
|
Unilateral |
Muscle mass |
7 and 28 days |
7 d Increased by 90% 28 d Increased by 120% |