Ultrasonography features of abdominal perimuscular connective tissue in elite and amateur basketball players: an observational study

Morales, Carlos Romero; Polo, Jaime Almazán; Sanz, David Rodríguez; López, Daniel López; González, Sergio Vázquez; Buría, José Luis Arias; Lobo, César Calvo

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.64.10.936

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Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira

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Original Article • Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 64 (10) • Oct 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.10.936 copy

Ultrasonography features of abdominal perimuscular connective tissue in elite and amateur basketball players: an observational study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

SUMMARY

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare with rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) the perimuscular connective tissue (PMCT) and interrecti distance (IRD) between elite and amateur basketball players. A sample of 22 healthy basketball players was included and divided into two groups: elite basketball players from Spanish 1st division (n = 11) and amateur basketball players from an entertainment Spanish division (n = 11). Ultrasound images of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), transversus abdominis (TrAb), rectus anterior (RA) and IRD PMCT were measured and analysed by the ImageJ software. Measurements of abdominal wall muscles PMCT present statistically differences (P < .05) for an increase of perimuscular connective tissue of external oblique (PMCTEO), perimuscular connective tissue of transversus abdominis (PMCTTA) of the left side and an increase of PMCTEO on the right side in favor of the elite group. Rather, the study showed statistically differences (P < .05) for a decrease of perimuscular connective tissue between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis (PMCTIO-TA), and a decrease in PMCT total summation of the left side with elite group in respect to amateur group. This study reported an increase of left PMCTEO, left PMCTTAA, right PMCTEO as well as a decrease of left PMCTIO-TA and in PMCT total summation on the left side.

KEYWORDS:
connective tissue; oblique abdominis; rectus abdominis; transversus abdominis; ultrasonography; basketball

Data	Amateur (n = 16)	Elite (n= 16)	P-value
Age, y	21.0 ± 3.0 f	23.0 ± 9.0 ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) was used.	.748 ^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized
Weight, kg	79.63 ± 10.29 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	92.18 ± 13.94 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	.026^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.
Height, m	1.84 ± 0.07 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	1.92 ± 0.10 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	.035^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.
BMI, kg/m2	21.55 ± 2.28 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	23.72 ± 2.67 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	.054^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.
Nijmegen test ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	3.72 ± 3.13 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	12.54 ± 3.77 ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) was applied.	<.001 ^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Carlos Romero Morales hysiotherapy Department; School of Health, Exercise and Sport; European University of Madrid; C/ Tajo s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; Phone no.: 0034-912-115-268 E-mail: carlosmorales92@hotmail.com

Measurement	Amateur (n=16) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	Elite (n=16) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	P-value
Distance (cm)
IRD	1.04 ± 0.51 (0.64-1.96) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	1.28 ± 0.69 (0.54-3.64) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.001^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Thickness (cm)
Right PMCTEO	2.00 ± 4.00 (0.01-11.00) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.45 ± 0.18 (1.15-0.81) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.001^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Right PMCTEO-IO	0.11 ± 0.05 (0.07-0.33) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.10 ± 0.07 (0.19-0.11) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.847^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Right PMCTIO-TA	0.12 ± 0.04 (0.07-0.24) '	0.04 ± 0.04 (0.09-0.25) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.371^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.
Right PMCTTA	0.09 ± 0.09 (0.06-0.29) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.13 ± 0.04 (0.09-0.22) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.193^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Right PMCTRA	0.16 ± 0.03 (0.11-0.24) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.14 ± 0.02 (0.11-0.18) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.334"
Right PMCTSUPRA	0.09 ± 0.02 (0.06-0.14) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.08 ± 0.02 (0.05-0.12) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.446"
Right PMCTDEERA	0.06 ± 0.03 (0.04-0.10) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.06 ± 0.01 (0.04-0.07) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.898^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Total Right PMCT	0.09 ± 0.04 (0.06-0.22) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.11 ± 0.03 (0.08-0.17) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.438^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Left PMCTEO	0.11 ± 0.05 (0.06-0.23) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.47 ± 0.12 (0.36-0.65) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.001^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Left PMCTEO-IO	0.11 ± 0.29 (0.07-0.17) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.11 ± 0.28 (0.08-0.16) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.520^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.
Left PMCTIO-TA	0.90 ± 0.01 (0.06-0.13) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.13 ± 0.06 (0.10-0.28) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.001^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.
Left PMCTTA	0.09 ± 0.03 (0.08-0.15) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.13 ± 0.03 (0.10-0.21) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.001^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Left PMCTRA	0.16 ± 0.05 (0.12-0.28) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.14 ± 0.04 (0.08-0.20) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.256^ Student's t-test for independent samples was performed.
Left PMCTSUPRA	0.09 ± 0.07 (0.20-0.14) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.08 ± 0.05 (0.05-0.13) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.401^‡ ‡ Mann-Whitney U test was utilized.
Left PMCTDEERA	0.06 ± 0.02 (0.04-0.12) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.05 ± 0.01 (0.03-0.09) ^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.	0.369"
Total Left PMCT	0.41 ± 0.15 (0.31-0.61) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.10 ± 0.03 (0.08-0.14) ^† † Median ± interquartile range (IR) (minimum-maximum) was used.	0.001^* * Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (minimum-maximum) was applied.