EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES AND SURFACTANT CHARGE GROUPS ON THE PROPERTIES OF VES GEL

Chauhan, G.; Ojha, K.; Baruah, A.

doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20150094

G. Chauhan

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.

K. Ojha ^**To whom correspondence should be addressedE-mail: keka_ojha@yahoo.com

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.

A. Baruah

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.

E-mail: keka_ojha@yahoo.com

*To whom correspondence should be addressed

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Figure 1
Pseudo-ternary phase diagram for Sodium Lauryl Sulfate+ Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate/isoamyl alcohol/pine oil/water system.

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Figure 2
Effect of alkali (NaOH) on SBG: 34%C/S (ALS+ SLS) at 30 ºC.

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Figure 3
Effect of alkali (NaOH) on SBG 34%C/S (ALS+ SLS) at 80 ºC.

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Figure 4
Variation of SBG i.e. 34% C/S ALS+SLS with Shear Rate at different temperature for 0.1% NaOH concentration.

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Figure 5
Comparison of SBG of 32% and 34% C/S ALS+SLS at 100 s^-1 Shear Rate for 0%, 0.05% and 0.1% NaOH concentrations.

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Figure 6
Effect of addition of 500 ppm SiO₂ nanoparticles to 34% C/S ALS+SLS with 0.1% NaOH for different temperatures at 100 s^-1 shear rate.

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Figure 7
Plot of ln ƞ vs 1/T for 34% C/S ALS+SLS and 34% C/S ALS+SLS + 500 ppm SiO₂ at 0.1% NaOH for 303-330K temperature range.

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Figure 8
Variation of shear stress vs. shear rate for 34% SLS+ALS with and without nanoparticles.

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Figure 9
Variation of the storage (G') and loss (G") moduli with frequency (ω) for 34% C/S ALS+SLS + 0.1% NaOH for 0 ppm and 500 ppm SiO₂ nanoparticles at 40 ºC.

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Figure 10
Variation of the viscosity with temperature for different gel -water ratios for 34%C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH.

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Figure 11
Variation of the viscosity with temperature for different gel -water ratios for 34%C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH + 500 ppm SiO₂ nanoparticles.

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Table 1
Viscosity (cP) values at 100 s^-1 shear rate for 32% C/S SLS, 30% C/S(SLS+CAPB) and for 32% C/S (ALS+SLS) with reference from Baruah et al. (2014)Baruah, A., Chauhan, G., Ojha, K. and Pathak, A., Phase behavior and thermodynamic and rheological properties of single- (SDS) and mixed-surfactant (SDS + CAPB)-based fluids with 3-methylbutan-1-ol as the cosurfactant and pine oil as the organic phase. Industrial Engineering and Chemical Research, 53(51), 19765-19774 (2014). DOI: 10.1021/ie500987y
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie500987y... .

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Table 2
Table for Coefficients of Arrhenius linear plot with their standard error and significance value for 34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH with 0 and 500 ppm SiO₂.

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Table 3
ANOVA table for linear plots for 34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH with 0 and 500 ppm SiO₂.

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Table 4
Activation energy values for different samples in the temperature range of 303-333K.

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Table 5
Values of k and n for different SBG.

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Table 6
Coefficient table with standard error and significance value for 34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH with 0 and 500 ppm SiO₂.

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Table 7
Independent t-test for Power law parameters of 34% C/S ALS+SLS +0.1% NaOH with 0 and 500 ppm SiO₂ nanoparticles.

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Temp, ºC	32%C/S SLS		30%C/S(CAPB+SLS)		32%C/S(ALS+SLS)
Temp, ºC	0% NaOH	0.1% NaOH	0% NaOH	0.1% NaOH	0% NaOH	0.1% NaOH
30	142	290	240	360	190	355
40	60	240	190	310	170	290
50	48	190	140	275	110	270
60	35	160	110	220	90	180

34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1%NaOH	Unstandardized Coefficients		Significance
34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1%NaOH	B	Std. Error	Significance
For 0 ppm SiO₂
Slope	4013.143	981.004	0.055
Intercept	-7.050	3.090	0.150
For 500 ppm SiO₂
Slope	4706.724	675.213	0.020
Intercept	-8.857	2.127	0.053

34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH	Sum of Squares	Degree of Freedom	Mean Square	Significance
1. For 0 ppm SiO₂
Regression	0.790	1	0.790	0.055
Residual	0.094	2	0.047
Total	0.885	3
2. For 500 ppm SiO₂
Regression	1.087	1	1.087	0.020
Residua	0.045	2	0.022
Total	1.132	3

S.No	Sample	Mean Value of the Activation Energy, E (kJ/mol)	Std. Deviation
2	34% C/S ALS+SLS, 0.1% NaOH	33.365	0.471
4	34% C/S ALS+SLS, 0.1% NaOH + 500 ppm nano particle	39.131	0.327

S.No	Sample	Value of flow behavior index, n			Value of consistency index, k
S.No	Sample	Mean value	Std. deviation	Theoretical value	Mean value	Std. deviation	Theoretical value
1.	34% C/S ALS+SLS	0.508	0.346	0.437	1.965	3.062	1.627
2.	34% C/S ALS+SLS + 500 ppm SiO₂	0.490	0.414	0.526	4.237	3.858	3.023

34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH	Unstandardized Coefficients		Significance
34% C/S ALS+SLS+0.1% NaOH	B	Std. Error	Significance
For 0 ppm SiO₂
n₁	0.437	0.036	0.000
k₁	1.628	0.236	0.000
For 500 ppm SiO₂
n₂	0.526	0.040	0.000
k₂	3.023	0.490	0.000

Sample	Parameter		Levene's Test for Equality of Variances	t-test for Equality of Means
Sample	Parameter		Significance	Degree of freedom	Significance (2-tailed)
34% C/S ALS+SLS +0.1% NaOH	n₁	Equal Variances AssumedEqual Variances not Assumed	0.000	47 20.000	0.283 0.360
34% C/S ALS+SLS +0.1% NaOH	k₁	Equal Variances AssumedEqual Variances not Assumed	0.000	47 20.000	0.5620.620
34% C/S ALS+SLS +0.1% NaOH+500 ppm SiO₂	n₂	Equal Variances AssumedEqual Variances not Assumed	0.000	47 20	0.660 0.681
34% C/S ALS+SLS +0.1% NaOH+500 ppm SiO₂	k₂	Equal Variances AssumedEqual Variances not Assumed	0.000	47 20.000	0.115 0.146

[1] E-mail: keka_ojha@yahoo.com

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EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES AND SURFACTANT CHARGE GROUPS ON THE PROPERTIES OF VES GEL

Abstract