Sutherland and Copper22. Sutherland VJ, Cooper CL. Stress in the offshore oil and gas exploration and production industries: an organizational approach to stress control. Geneva: International Labour Office; 1996.
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Technical report containing three questionnaires designed by the authors. |
• Lack of career prospects; |
• Concern with family/ domestic issues while at work; |
• A stress control program becomes effective when it is directed to the specific problems and sources of stress identified in certain groups of people; |
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• Insecurity regarding work conditions; |
• 34% of the sample are smokers and 16% reported being high alcohol consumers. |
• Stress management must run hand-in-hand with company management; |
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• Lack of stimulus; |
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• The sources of stress that were most associated with dissatisfaction at work were: lack of career prospects (25.3%), underutilization and low demand (27%) and shift work (8%). |
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• Physical and climatic conditions at work; |
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• Unpredictable and excessive workload; |
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• Air transport to platform; |
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• Necessity to adapt to new technologies. |
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Hellesoy, Gronhaug and Kvitastein44. Hellesoy O, Gronhaug K, Kvitastein O. Burnout: conceptual issues and empirical findings from a new research setting. Scand J Mgmt. 2000;16(3):233-47.
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Questionnaire adapted based on the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) to the offshore context.
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• Dangerous conditions; |
• Feeling of not having a close relationship with colleagues (lack of social support and assistance coping); |
• Lesser frequency of burnout in married individuals and greater frequency of in young unmarried individuals; |
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• Shift work; |
• Worry in regards to family while at work; |
• Low frequency of burnout compared with other professions ("Helping professions"); |
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• Air transport to platform; |
• Alienation; |
• Association of negative emotions with coping focused on emotion. |
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• Fire and explosion risks. |
• Lack of focus and motivation; |
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• Sleeping problems. |
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Wong et al.1111. Wong TW, Chen W-Q, Yu T-S, Lin Y-Z, Cooper CL. (2002). Perceived sources of occupational stress among Chinese offshore oil installation workers. Stress & Health. 2002;18(5):217-26.
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OSS (Occupational Stress Scale) adapted based on questionnaires designed by Cooper. |
• Noise; |
• Not being able to exercise ones role in the family while on the platform; |
• The results found in Chinese workers were different from those found in the previous study conducted in the United Kingdom: the only widely reported stress factor was the home/domestic interface; there were few reports regarding problems in relation to the structural and organizational climate. |
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• Vibration; |
• Lack of career prospects. |
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• Safety; |
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• Feeling of putting oneself and others at risk by making a mistake. |
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Chen, Wong and Yu2121. Chen WQ, Wong TW, Yu TS. Mental health issues in Chinese offshore oil workers. Occup Med. 2009;59(8):545-9.
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General Health Questionnaire (GHQ); |
• Noise; |
• Home/work interface; |
• Occupational stress significantly associated with a worsening state of mental health of the worker; |
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Occupational Stress Scale.
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• Vibration; |
• Lack of social support and assistance coping.
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• Coping in terms of focusing on the problem was positively associated with improved mental health and that regarding focusing on emption was associated with mental health problems. |
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• Lack of lighting and ventilation; |
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• Shift work; |
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• Adverse weather conditions; |
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• Confinement. |
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Ljosa and Lau1212. Ljosa CH, Lau B (2009). Shiftwork in the Norwegian petroleum industry: overcoming difficulties with family and social life - a cross sectional stud. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2009;4(22):
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Coping with Shift Work Questionnaire (CSQ).
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• Shift work; |
• Problems in social and domestic life; |
• Coping by focusing on the problem and social support was associated with a small number of reports involving problems in social and family life; self- criticism was associated with a greatest number of reported problems; |
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• Family separation. |
• Lack of social support as a coping strategy. |
• Ambiguity in relation to positive and negative aspects of shift work comparing the refineries and platforms. |
Ljosa, Tyssen and Lau2020. Ljosa CH, Tyssen R, Lau B. Mental distress among shift workers in Norwegian offshore petroleum industry--relative influence of individual and psychosocial work factors. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37(6):551-5.
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Hopkins symptom checklist (HSLC5); |
• Shift work arrangements; |
• Problems at home interfering at work; |
• Mental distress identified using the HSLC is greater among men and associated with a low level of support and a high level of interference from family problems. |
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The General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPS Nordic). |
• Isolation; |
• Lack of social support. |
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• Extreme weather conditions; |
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• Risks of accidents; |
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• Shift work, especially nightshifts. |
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Menezes et al.2222. Menezes MCR, Pires MLN, Benedito-Silva A, Tufik S. Sleep parameters among offshore workers: an initial assessment in the Campos Basin, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Chronobiol Int. 2004;21(6):889-97.
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Questionnaire designed by the authors. |
• Irregular sleep patterns; |
• Difficulties sleeping: poor quality sleep, difficulties getting to sleep, disturbed sleep, feeling tired after sleep; |
• Sleeping problems and feelings of sadness are mostly reported by workers on the night shift compared to those on the day shift. |
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• Work by turns. |
• Nightmares and sleepwalking. |
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Silva Júnior and Ferreira1313. Silva Júnior DI, Ferreira MC.A predição do burnout em trabalhadores off-shore-oil. Estudos. 2009;36(1/2):75-93.
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Scale for Evaluating Environmental Stress factors in the Offshore Context (EACOS) adapted from the MBI (specifically for professionals who have no contact with customers and validated for Brazilian workers in the offshore context by Silva Júnior). |
• Being submitted to rules and discipline; |
• Long periods away from the family; |
• Identification of the three predicting dimensions for burnout; |
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• Shift work; |
• Relationship and performance problems. |
• Younger workers are more prone to burnout; |
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• Adverse working conditions; |
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• Suggestions for measures that can contribute towards reducing burnout among workers. |
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• Feeling of insecurity (access to medical attention on the platform is precarious). |
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Oenning, Carvalho e Lima2323. Oenning N, Carvalho L, Lima V. Fatores de risco para absenteísmo com licença médica em trabalhadores da indústria de petróleo. Rev Saúde Pública. 2014;48(1):103-12.
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Secondary data obtained from electronic medical records at the occupational health service. |
• Heavy physical workload; |
• Hypertension; |
• Female, being a smoker or ex-smoker, being dissatisfied with work and reporting abnormal sleep were significantly associated with absenteeism from work due to illness; |
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• Discomfort regarding the working "positions". |
• Musculoskeletal diseases; |
• Individuals with sleep problems are more likely to miss work. |