| Vitamin E |
Neutralization of singlet oxygen in the cell membrane; involvement with membrane stabilization, preventing lipid peroxidation - oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, which may lead to rupture of the cell membrane8080 Krol ES, Kramer-Stickland KA, Liebler DC. Photoprotective actions of topically applied vitamin E. Drug Metab Rev. 2000;32:413-20.,8181 L. Packer L, Valacchi G. Antioxidants and the response of skin to oxidative stress: vitamin E as a key indicator," Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002;15:282-90.
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| Vitamin C |
Extensive removal of free radicals and repair of oxidized vitamin E bound to the cell membrane8282 McArdle F, Rhodes LE, Parslew R, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ. UVR-induced oxidative stress in human skin in vivo: effects of oral vitamin C supplementation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;33:1355-62.
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| Polypodium leucotomos |
Inhibition of UV induced ROS generation, including superoxide anion3030 Garcia F, Pivel JP, Guerrero A, Brieva A, Martinez-Alcazar MP, Caamano-Somoza M, et al . Phenolic components and antioxidant activity of Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006;28:157-60.,8383 Gombau L, García F, Lahoz A, Fabre M, Roda-Navarro P, Majano P, et al. Polypodium leucotomos extract: Antioxidant activity and disposition. Toxicol In Vitro. 2006;20:464-71.
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| Lycopene |
Carotenoid of greater biological action in the neutralization of singlet oxygen8484 Ascenso A, Pedrosa T, Pinho S, Pinho F, de Oliveira JM, Cabral Marques H, et al. The Effect of Lycopene Preexposure on UV-B-Irradiated Human Keratinocytes. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:8214631
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| Lutein |
Carotenoid that protects the fibroblasts from UVA-induced oxidative action, also preventing the decrease of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)8585 O'Connor I, O'Brien N. Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in culturedfibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 1998;16:226-30.,8686 Astner S, Wu A, Chen J, Philips N, Rius-Diaz F, Parrado C, et al. Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin partially reduces photoaging and photocarcinogenesis in chronically UVB-irradiated Skh-1 hairless mice. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20:283-91.
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| Resveratrol |
Inhibition of UV-induced oxidative and mutagenic action to DNA8787 Ndiaye M, Philippe C, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. The Grape Antioxidant Resveratrol for Skin Disorders: Promise,Prospects, and Challenges. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011;508:164-70.,8888 Chow HH, Garland LL, Hsu CH, Vining DR, Chew WM, Miller JA, et al. Resveratrol modulates drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in a healthy volunteer study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3:1168-75
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| Epigallocatechin gallate (green tea) |
Flavonoid with broad scavenging action of free radicals, inhibiting the production of ROS and lipid peroxidation products, in addition to protecting the endogenous antioxidative systems8989 Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory efects. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2003;3:234-42.,9090 Gensler HL, Timmermann BN, Valcic S, Wächter GA, Dorr R, Dvorakova K, et al. Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea. Nutr Cancer. 1996;26:325-35.
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| Lipoic acid |
Repair of endogenous antioxidant systems, free radical neutralizer9191 Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol. 1997;29:315-31.
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| Delphinidin |
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), marker of oxidative stress to DNA and carcinogenesis9292 Watson RR, Schönlau F. Nutraceutical and antioxidant effects of a delphinidin-rich maqui berry extract Delphinol®: a review. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2015;63:1-12.
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| Coenzyme Q10 |
Reduction of the production of free radicals and regeneration of vitamin E; reduction of keratinocyte DNA damage and UVA-induced metalloproteinase production in the fibroblasts; reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage4343 Beyer RE. The participation of coenzyme Q in free radical production and antioxidation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990;8:545-65.,9393 Inui M, Ooe M, Fujii K, Matsunaka H, Yoshida M, Ichihashi M., Mechanisms of inhibitory efects of CoQ10 onUVB- induced wrinkle formation in vitro and in vivo, Biofactors. 2008;32:237-43.
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Source: Pastore et al, 2010.