Figure 1:
Pyramid of proppants’ flow, adapted from 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figura 1:
Pirâmide de fluxo dos propantes, adaptado de 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figure 2:
Relationship between some types of proppants and some types of rocks, where sand grains are the sand proppants without covering, soft proppant is the synthetic proppant of low mechanical strength, and hard proppant is the high-strength synthetic proppant. Adapted from Saint-Gobain Innovation Center 1515. G.F.B.L. Silva, in Proc. 55º Congr. Brasil. Cerâm., Porto de Galinhas, PE, Brasil (2011)..
Figura 2:
Relação entre alguns tipos de propantes com alguns tipos de rochas, onde grãos de areia são os propantes de areia sem recobrimento, propantes leves são os propantes sintéticos de baixa resistência mecânica e propantes rígidos são os propantes sintéticos de alta resistência. Adaptado de Saint-Gobain Innovation Center 1515. G.F.B.L. Silva, in Proc. 55º Congr. Brasil. Cerâm., Porto de Galinhas, PE, Brasil (2011)..
Figure 3:
Scheme of choice of proppant type according to the fracture closure stress in the reservoir 1515. G.F.B.L. Silva, in Proc. 55º Congr. Brasil. Cerâm., Porto de Galinhas, PE, Brasil (2011).), (1616. J. Gulbis, R.M. Hodge, in Reservoir stimulation, Eds.: M.J. Economides, K.G. Nolte, Wiley, Chichester (2000) 7-1..
Figura 3:
Esquema de escolha do tipo de propante em função da pressão de fechamento da fratura do reservatório 1515. G.F.B.L. Silva, in Proc. 55º Congr. Brasil. Cerâm., Porto de Galinhas, PE, Brasil (2011).), (1616. J. Gulbis, R.M. Hodge, in Reservoir stimulation, Eds.: M.J. Economides, K.G. Nolte, Wiley, Chichester (2000) 7-1..
Figure 4:
Images of: (a) white sand; (b) brown sand; and (c) proppant failure test ceramography (courtesy from Stim-Lab) 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figura 4:
Imagem de: (a) areia branca; (b) areia marrom; e (c) ceramografia do teste de falha do propante de areia (cortesia de Stim-Lab) 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figure 5:
Examples of: (a) standard RCS; (b, c) premium RCS proppants; and (d) resin-coated proppants failure test ceramography (courtesy from Stim-Lab) 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figura 5:
Exemplos de: (a) propante de areia padrão recoberto com resina; (b, c) propante de areia prêmio recoberto com resina; e (d) ceramografia do teste de falha do propante revestido com resina (cortesia de Stim-Lab) 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figure 6:
Images of: (a) high density bauxite ceramic proppants (SBD 3.56 g/cm³); (b) low-density ceramic proppants (SBD ~2.72 g/cm³); (c) intermediate density proppants (SBD ~3.27 g/cm³); and (d) cross-section of failure test of intermediate density ceramic proppants (courtesy from Stim-Lab) 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figura 6:
Imagens de: (a) propante cerâmico de alta densidade de bauxita (DEM, densidade específica em massa, 3,56 g/cm³); (b) propante de baixa densidade de bauxita (DEM média de 2,72 g/cm³); (c) propante de densidade intermediária (DEM média de 3,27 g/cm³); e (d) sessão de corte de um teste de falha de um propante cerâmico de densidade intermediária (cortesia do Stim-Lab) 1414. J. Kullman, “The complicated world of proppant selection”, South Dakkota Sch. Mines Techn., Dakota (2011)..
Figure 7:
Study equipment (via flame) for the preparation of the vitreous proppant based on andesite, rhyolite and basalt (a), and material obtained using the apparatus via flame (b); adapted from 3939. D.G. Hartwich, “Development of proppants from ion exchanged recycled glass and metabasalt glass ceramics”, M.Sc. Thesis, Pennsylv. State Un., Pennsylvania (2011)..
Figura 7:
Equipamento de estudo (via chama) para preparação de propante vítreo baseado em andesita, riolita e basalto (a); e material obtido utilizando o aparato via chama (b); adaptado de 3939. D.G. Hartwich, “Development of proppants from ion exchanged recycled glass and metabasalt glass ceramics”, M.Sc. Thesis, Pennsylv. State Un., Pennsylvania (2011)..
Figure 8:
Cylinder chart of USA proppant consumption forecast by type (adapted from PacWest Consulting) (a), and pie chart of the expected average use of proppants (adapted from PropTesters, 2011) (b) 6565. V. Nicoletopoulos, in Oilfield Min. Outlook 2015, Houston, USA (2015).), (6666. M. Yang, J.M. Economides, in Proc. SPE East. Reg. Meet., Soc. Petrol. Eng. Int., Lexington, USA (2012)..
Figura 8:
Gráfico em barras da previsão de consumo de propantes por tipo nos EUA (adaptado de PacWest Consulting Partners) (a) e gráfico de pizza da média prevista do uso de propantes (adaptado de PropTesters, 2011) (b) 6565. V. Nicoletopoulos, in Oilfield Min. Outlook 2015, Houston, USA (2015).), (6666. M. Yang, J.M. Economides, in Proc. SPE East. Reg. Meet., Soc. Petrol. Eng. Int., Lexington, USA (2012)..
Figure 9:
History of the use of proppants since their first use in the 1940s (source PropTesters, 2011) 6666. M. Yang, J.M. Economides, in Proc. SPE East. Reg. Meet., Soc. Petrol. Eng. Int., Lexington, USA (2012)..
Figura 9:
Histórico do uso de propantes desde seu primeiro uso nos anos 1940 (fonte PropTesters, 2011) 6666. M. Yang, J.M. Economides, in Proc. SPE East. Reg. Meet., Soc. Petrol. Eng. Int., Lexington, USA (2012)..
Figure 10:
Production capacity of ceramic proppants in the world, primary producers in 2013; adapted from 6565. V. Nicoletopoulos, in Oilfield Min. Outlook 2015, Houston, USA (2015)..
Figura 10:
Capacidade de produção de propantes cerâmicos no mundo, produtores primários em 2013; adaptado de 6565. V. Nicoletopoulos, in Oilfield Min. Outlook 2015, Houston, USA (2015)..
Table I -
Proppants selection factors.
Tabela I -
Fatores de seleção dos propantes.
Table II -
Variation of typical density of different types of proppants 2727. J. Kullman, T.T. Palisch, M. Chapman, R. Duenckel, S. Woolfolk, M.C. Vincent, in Proc. SPE Hydr. Fract. Techn. Conf., Soc. Petrol. Eng. Int., Woodlands, USA (2009)..
Tabela II -
Variação da densidade típica de diferentes tipos de propantes 2727. J. Kullman, T.T. Palisch, M. Chapman, R. Duenckel, S. Woolfolk, M.C. Vincent, in Proc. SPE Hydr. Fract. Techn. Conf., Soc. Petrol. Eng. Int., Woodlands, USA (2009)..
Table III -
Characteristics of ceramic proppants, adapted from
2929. KT Refractories, ktrefractories (2013), < KT Refractories, ktrefractories (2013), http://www.ktrefractories.com/Ceramic-Proppant.cfm
>, ac. July 17, 2015.
http://www.ktrefractories.com/Ceramic-Pr...
.
Tabela III -
Características do propante cerâmico, adaptado de
2929. KT Refractories, ktrefractories (2013), < KT Refractories, ktrefractories (2013), http://www.ktrefractories.com/Ceramic-Proppant.cfm
>, ac. July 17, 2015.
http://www.ktrefractories.com/Ceramic-Pr...
.
Table IV -
Examples of the use of proppants in different wells in the USA; adapted from: Company filings, Morgan Stanley Equity Research, OilPRO estimates.
Tabela IV -
Exemplos do uso de propantes em diferentes reservatórios nos EUA; adaptado de: Company filings, Morgan Stanley Equity Research, OilPRO estimates.
Table V -
Variety of traded proppants (adapted from Downholetrader)
6868. Down Hole Trader, “Trading board offerings”, < Down Hole Trader, “Trading board offerings”, http://downholetrader.com/#2040
>, ac. Jan. 21 (2016).
http://downholetrader.com/#2040...
.
>Tabela V -
Variedades de propantes comercializados (adaptado de Downholetrader)
6868. Down Hole Trader, “Trading board offerings”, < Down Hole Trader, “Trading board offerings”, http://downholetrader.com/#2040
>, ac. Jan. 21 (2016).
http://downholetrader.com/#2040...
.
Table VI -
List of plants developing activities involving gas/shale oil and/or use/manufacture of proppants (adapted from IMFORMED 2015)
6969. M. O’Driscoll, C. Rehn, “US ceramic proppants review”, Energy Global, Oilfield Techn. (2015), < (2015), http://www.energyglobal.com/upstream/drilling-and-production/01042015/US-ceramic-proppants-review/
>, ac. Jan. 21, 2016.
http://www.energyglobal.com/upstream/dri...
.
Tabela VI -
Lista de plantas que desenvolvem atividades envolvendo gás/óleo de xisto e/ou uso/produção de propantes (adaptado de IMFORMED 2015)
6969. M. O’Driscoll, C. Rehn, “US ceramic proppants review”, Energy Global, Oilfield Techn. (2015), < (2015), http://www.energyglobal.com/upstream/drilling-and-production/01042015/US-ceramic-proppants-review/
>, ac. Jan. 21, 2016.
http://www.energyglobal.com/upstream/dri...
.