Identification of microalgae from waste stabilization ponds and evaluation of electroflotation by alternate current for simultaneous biomass separation and cell disruption

Florentino, Anna Patricya; Costa, Mayara Carantino; Nascimento, José Gilmar Silva; Abdala-Neto, Eliezer Fares; Mota, Cesar Rossas; Santos, Andre Bezerra dos

doi:10.1590/S1413-41522019193972

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Technical Article • Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 24 (01) • Jan-Feb 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522019193972 copy

Identification of microalgae from waste stabilization ponds and evaluation of electroflotation by alternate current for simultaneous biomass separation and cell disruption

Identificação de microalgas de lagoas de estabilização e avaliação do método de eletroflotação por corrente alternada para separação e ruptura celular simultâneas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This work aimed to investigate algal diversity at the genus level in stabilization pond systems treating domestic wastewater and to evaluate the feasibility of an electroflotation by alternate current (EFAC) system for simultaneous microalgae separation and cell disruption. Evaluation of algal diversity showed that the genera Euglena and Chlorella were present in relatively high frequencies in five of the six effluents analyzed. The use of EFAC on an effluent that presented bloom of Chlorella achieved turbidity and chlorophyll-a removal efficiencies higher than 70 and 90%, respectively, after 70 minutes of operation. Total lipid yield for the Chlorella-rich biomass was 21.4±2.02%. Such high biomass lipid content demonstrates the potential for obtaining lipid-based biofuels from wastes. The current paper describes the first attempt, with promising results, at using electroflotation by alternate current for low cost, simultaneous microalgae harvesting and disruption.

Keywords:
microalgae biomass; waste stabilization pond; lipid; electroflotation by alternate current

Groups	Plant	Geographical Coordinates	Configuration	Depth (m)	Dimension (m)	Other parameters (flow, working volume and HRT)
Group 1	Araturi (A)	3º45’50.17”S 38º38’35.01”O	2 facultative ponds in parallel	2 m	Length: 340 m Width: 74 m	Q=44.25 L/s; V=100,640 m³; HRT=26.3 d
Group 1	Nova Metrópole (B)	3º46’3.16”S 38º39’40.78”O	1 facultative pond	2 m	Length: 280 m Width: 100 m	Q=32.43 L/s; V=56,000 m³; HRT=40.0 d
Group 2	José Walter (C)	3º50’44.59”S 38º33’52.67”O	1 facultative pond + 2 maturation ponds in series	F: 1.8 m	Length: 236.4 m Width:122 m	Q=59.44 L/s; V=51,913 m³; HRT=10.1 d
	José Walter (C)	3º50’44.59”S 38º33’52.67”O	1 facultative pond + 2 maturation ponds in series	M: 1.5 m	Length: 183.5 m Width: 90.5 m	Q=59.44 L/s; V=24,910 m³; HRT=4.9 d
	Tabapuá (D)	3º44’11.99”S 38º36’37.63”O	1 facultative pond + 2 maturation ponds in series	F: 1.6 m	Length: 90 m Width: 45 m	Q=7.5 L/s; V=6,480 m³; HRT=10 d
	Tabapuá (D)	3º44’11.99”S 38º36’37.63”O	1 facultative pond + 2 maturation ponds in series	M: 1.6 m	Length: 90 m Width: 38 m	Q=7.5 L/s; V=5,472 m³; HRT=8.4 d
Group 3	Tupã-mirim (E)	3º47’48.73”S 38º32’43.84”O	1 aerated facultative pond + 1 secondary facultative pond + 2 maturation ponds in series	AF: 3 m	Length: 68.7 m Width: 17.2 m	Q=14.86 L/s; V=3,545 m³; HRT=2.8 d
				SF: 1.5 m	Length: 73.3 m Width: 62.5 m	Q=14.86 L/s; V=ND; HRT=ND
				M: 1.5 m	Lenght: 143.0 m Width: 15.8 m	Q=14.86L/s; V=3,389 m³; HRT=2.6 d
	Aquiraz (F)	3º55’9.17”S 38º23’45.24”O	1 anaerobic pond + 1 facultative pond + 2 maturation ponds in series	AN: 3 m	Length: 105.75 m Width: 59.68 m	Q=68.62 L/s; V=9,467 m³; HRT=3.2 d
				F: 1.5 m	Length: 203.78 m Width: 105.75 m	Q=68.62 L/s; V=32,325 m³; HRT=10.9 d
				M: 1.5 m	Length: 164 m Width: 82 m	Q=68.62 L/s; V=20,172 m³; HRT=6.8 d

Class	Family	Genus	A	B	C	D	E	F
Cyanophyceae	Chroococcaceae	Aphanocapsa	-	+	++	++	+	++++
	Chroococcaceae	Microcystis	-	-	++	+++	-	-
	Oscillatoriaceae	Oscillatoria	-	++	+	+	+	++
	Oscillatoriaceae	Planktothrix	-	+	++	++++	+	++++
	Phormidiaceae	Spirulina	-	-	-	-	-	+
Chlorophyceae	Oocystaceae	Chlorella	+	++++	+++	++	++	-
	Oocystaceae	Oocystis	+	-	++	-	+	-
	Scenedesmaceae	Coelastrum	-	-	+	+	-	-
	Micractinaceae	Micractinium	-	-	-	++	-	-
	Volvocaceae	Eudorina	-	-	-	+	+	-
	Volvocaceae	Pandorina	-	-	-	-	++	-
Euglenophyceae	Euglenaceae	Euglena	++++	+++	++++	++	+++	-
		Hyalophacus	-	-	+	++	-	-
		Kirchneriella	+	-	-	-	-	-
		Phacus	-	++	-	+	-	++
Bacillariophyceae	Chlorococcaceae	Aulacoseira	-	-	-	-	+	++
	Cymbellaceae	Cymbella	+	-	-	-	-	-
	Thalassiosiraceae	Cyclotella	-	-	+	-	++	-
	Naviculaceae	Navicula	+	-	+	-	+	-
	Naviculaceae	Neidium	-	-	-	+	-	-
Zygnemaphyceae	Desmidiaceae	Closterium	-	+	-	-	-	-

Parameters		Waste stabilization ponds systems
Parameters		A	B	C	D	E	F
pH	Mean	7.64	8.79	7.76	8.1	7.75	7.83
pH	SD	0.09	0.59	0.06	0.18	0.15	0.11
Temperature (ºC)	Mean	32.3	32.7	31.3	29.7	31.0	29.2
Temperature (ºC)	SD	0.89	0.44	1.56	0.89	0.67	0.56
DO (mg.L^-1)	Mean	1.37	3.12	2.18	3.1	3.65	2.61
DO (mg.L^-1)	SD	0.46	1.04	0.49	1	0.67	0.52
BOD₅ (mg.L^-1)	Mean	212	175	182	132	116	110
BOD₅ (mg.L^-1)	SD	4.6	4.7	4.6	3.5	2.9	2.4
COD (mg.L^-1)	Mean	389	425	332	219	207	178
COD (mg.L^-1)	SD	1.33	1.5	1.08	1.08	1.02	0.81
Ammonia (mg.L^-1)	Mean	19.87	29.37	20.3	15.2	18.3	14.1
Ammonia (mg.L^-1)	SD	0.78	0.59	0.73	1.07	0.53	0.93
Nitrate (mg.L^-1)	Mean	1.1	1.7	2.0	1.7	1.1	1
Nitrate (mg.L^-1)	SD	0.05	0.03	0.17	0.07	0.05	0.05
Nitrite (mg.L^-1)	Mean	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3
Nitrite (mg.L^-1)	SD	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.01
Total P (mg.L^-1)	Mean	6.85	4.93	4.67	4.4	3.79	5.5
Total P (mg.L^-1)	SD	0.44	0.25	0.24	0.33	0.19	0.2
Chl-a (µg.L^-1)	Mean	853.9	529.1	1043.4	474.8	742.9	422.9
Chl-a (µg.L^-1)	SD	2.36	1.61	4.09	1.66	2.09	1.34
Pheophytin (µg.L^-1)	Mean	2517.9	1406.5	3231.7	1206.5	2107.5	1354.1
Pheophytin (µg.L^-1)	SD	2.17	1.05	1.34	0.55	1.25	1.22
Turbidity (NTU)	Mean	704.7	911.3	760.0	329.7	164.3	205.7
Turbidity (NTU)	SD	1.56	1.56	2.00	2.22	1.78	1.78
Alkalinity (mg.L^-1 CaCO₃)	Mean	95.8	160.57	182.07	346.9	143.82	186.7
Alkalinity (mg.L^-1 CaCO₃)	SD	1.33	1.51	1.04	1.37	1.33	1.27
N:P	Mean	8.25	14.21	13.21	10.18	11.73	5.56
N:P	SD	0.53	0.59	0.94	0.84	0.69	0.22

Parameters	Aphanocapsa	Microcystis	Oscillatoria	Planktothrix	Chlorella	Euglena
Alcalinity	0.543	-0.135	0.771	0.314	0.200	-0.771
N	-0.486	0.270	-0.829*	-0.029	0.086	0.314
BOD	-0.657	0.101	-0.886*	-0.371	-0.086	0.257
Temperature	0.600	-0.270	0.943**	0.257	0.143	-0.429
Total P	-0.257	-0.541	-0.371	-0.257	-0.829*	-0.257
DO	0.086	0.068	0.314	0.086	0.657	0.371
pH	-0.638	-0.394	-0.232	-0.580	0.725	0.522
N:P	-0.200	0.439	-0.429	0.200	0.486	0.257

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[1] *Corresponding author: annapatricya@gmail.com