Performance of arugula genotypes under irrigation depths on Brazilian Cerrado

Due to the water balance in the Brazilian Cerrado, it is not necessary to cultivate arugula in a rainfed system. Together with the lack of research on with this crop, it is necessary to study the response of genotypes to irrigation in this biome. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal irrigation depth and to identify the best arugula genotypes. Three arugula genotypes were field-tested during two cycles under the effect of four irrigation depths based on crop evapotranspiration. The parameters evaluated were root depth, SPAD index, number of plants and leaves per plant, plant diameter, fresh shoot mass and water use efficiency. The arugula presented the same demand for irrigation in the two cycles, and the genotypes and/or irrigation depths affected the evaluated parameters. The results support that the Folha Larga variety should be preferred by Brazilian Cerrado producers and irrigated with 90% replacement of crop evapotranspiration.

Index terms:
Eruca sativa L.; irrigation management; horticultural.

Authorship

Fernando França da Cunha ^**Corresponding author: fernando.cunha@ufv.br

Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola/DEA, Viçosa, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa/UFVBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola/DEA, Viçosa, MG, Brasil

Ivan Pereira de Souza

Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri/UFVJM, Unaí, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri/UFVJMBrazilUnaí, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri/UFVJM, Unaí, MG, Brasil

Washington de Oliveira Campos

Valter Carvalho de Andrade Júnior

Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Agricultura/DAG, Lavras, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Lavras/UFLABrazilLavras, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Agricultura/DAG, Lavras, MG, Brasil

Thiago Alves Magalhães

Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Biologia/DBI, Lavras, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Lavras/UFLABrazilLavras, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Biologia/DBI, Lavras, MG, Brasil

Catariny Cabral Aleman

^*Corresponding author: fernando.cunha@ufv.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (5)
Tables (3)
Formulas (4)

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Figure 1:
Daily variation of (A) air temperature (ºC), relative air humidity (%), (B) reference evapotranspiration (mm d^-1) and rainfall (mm) for the two cycles of arugula cultivation.

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Figure 2:
Estimates of root depth (RD) in cycle 1 and number of plants (NP) in cycle 2 as a function of irrigation depths (ID) for different arugula genotypes.

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Figure 3:
Estimates of the number of plants (NP) in cycle 1 and SPAD index in cycle 2 of the arugula with consideration of the irrigation depth (ID).

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Figure 4:
Estimates of the number of leaves per plant (NLP), plant diameter (PD), aerial fresh mass (AFM) and water use efficiency (WUE) considering the irrigation depth (ID) for the two crop cycles of arugula.

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Figure 5:
Two-dimensional projection of irrigation depths (50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETc), genotypes (A - Antonella, B - Cultivada and C - Folha Larga) and evaluated characteristics of arugula: root depth (RD), SPAD index, number of plants (NP), number of leaves per plant (NLP), plant diameter (PD), aerial fresh mass (AFM) and water use efficiency (WUE).

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Table 1:
Results of chemical analyses of soil in the beginning of the experiment.

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Table 2:
Effective precipitation, actual irrigation required and total water depth applied at each treatment and arugula cultivation cycle.

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Table 3:
Mean values of root depth (RD), SPAD index, number of plants (NP), number of leaves per plant (NLP), plant diameter (PD), aerial fresh mass (AFM) and water use efficiency (WUE) according to different genotypes and irrigation depths in two cycles of cultivation of arugula.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Figure 1: Daily variation of (A) air temperature (ºC), relative air humidity (%), (B) reference evapotranspiration (mm d^-1) and rainfall (mm) for the two cycles of arugula cultivation.

Figure 2: Estimates of root depth (RD) in cycle 1 and number of plants (NP) in cycle 2 as a function of irrigation depths (ID) for different arugula genotypes.

Figure 3: Estimates of the number of plants (NP) in cycle 1 and SPAD index in cycle 2 of the arugula with consideration of the irrigation depth (ID).

Figure 4: Estimates of the number of leaves per plant (NLP), plant diameter (PD), aerial fresh mass (AFM) and water use efficiency (WUE) considering the irrigation depth (ID) for the two crop cycles of arugula.

Figure 5: Two-dimensional projection of irrigation depths (50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETc), genotypes (A - Antonella, B - Cultivada and C - Folha Larga) and evaluated characteristics of arugula: root depth (RD), SPAD index, number of plants (NP), number of leaves per plant (NLP), plant diameter (PD), aerial fresh mass (AFM) and water use efficiency (WUE).

Table 1: Results of chemical analyses of soil in the beginning of the experiment.

Cycle	pH	P	K	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H+Al	CTC	V	MO
Cycle	^...H₂O^...	^.........mg dm^-3.........		^{.....................................}cmol_c dm^{-3.....................................}					^{.................}%^{.................}
1	5.4	57.5	95.4	5.2	1.8	0.1	2.5	9.7	74.7	1.1
2	5.2	35.0	64.2	5.3	1.9	0.1	1.9	9.3	79.1	1.7

P and K available with Mehlich I; Ca, Mg and Al extracted with KCl 1 mol L^-1.

Table 2: Effective precipitation, actual irrigation required and total water depth applied at each treatment and arugula cultivation cycle.

Cycle	Event	Irrigation depth
Cycle	Event	50% ETc	75% ETc	100% ETc	125% ETc
1	Effective precipitation (mm)	46.3	44.1	42.2	42.2
	Actual irrigation required (mm)	31.8	47.8	63.7	79.6
	Total water depth (mm)	78.1	91.9	105.9	121.8
2	Effective precipitation (mm)	5.2	4.8	4.5	4.5
	Actual irrigation required (mm)	50.8	76.2	101.6	127.0
	Total water depth (mm)	56.0	81.0	106.1	131.5

Table 3: Mean values of root depth (RD), SPAD index, number of plants (NP), number of leaves per plant (NLP), plant diameter (PD), aerial fresh mass (AFM) and water use efficiency (WUE) according to different genotypes and irrigation depths in two cycles of cultivation of arugula.

Factor	Cycle	CV (%)	Teste F			Irrigation Depth	Antonella Isla	Cultivada Isla	Folha Larga Sakata
Factor	Cycle	CV (%)	ID	AG	ID^*AG	Irrigation Depth	Antonella Isla	Cultivada Isla	Folha Larga Sakata
RD (cm)	1	20.3	117.2^***	33.94^***	11.19^**	50% ETc	20.9 a	17.0 b	23.0 a
						75% ETc	16.6 b	19.9 a	20.0 a
						100% ETc	16.8 a	14.8 a	17.1 a
						125% ETc	13.3 ab	11.6 b	14.8 a
	2	16.8	15.93^ns	15.12^ns	10.00^ns		ŷ = 15.2
SPAD	2	14.0	371.6^***	7.021^ns	10.95^ns		ŷ = 43.1
NP (ud m^-2)	1	18.9	72.82^***	1.290^ns	0.792^ns		ŷ = 54.7
	2	24.1	345.3^**	436.3^**	118.6^*	50% ETc	56.9 a	67.5 a	61.9 a
						75% ETc	55.6 a	43.1 a	50.0 a
						100% ETc	75.6 a	73.1 a	77.5 a
						125% ETc	70.6 b	92.5 a	74.4 b
NLP (fl pl^-1)	1	31.5	72.82^***	1.290^ns	0.792^ns		ŷ = 7.96
NLP (fl pl^-1)	2	27.6	79.70^***	5.951^ns	2.662^ns		ŷ = 9.51
PD (cm)	1	23.4	67.73^***	0.080^ns	3.093^ns		ŷ = 10.62
PD (cm)	2	16.0	20.97^***	6.309^ns	2.150^ns		ŷ = 12.10
AFM (kg m^-2)	1	30.3	4.319^***	0.029^ns	0.101^ns		ŷ = 1.73
AFM (kg m^-2)	2	19.4	0.467^**	0.205^*	0.095^ns		1.48 ab	1.37 b	1.60 a
WUE (kg m^-3)	1	32.7	402.4^***	3.060^ns	10.19^ns		ŷ = 17.65
WUE (kg m^-3)	2	29.0	275.8^**	17.61^ns	8.377^ns		ŷ = 17.04

^*p<0.05; ^**p<0.01; ^***p<0.001; ^ns not significant. Means followed by the same letter in a line do not differ by Tukey’s test (p<0.05).

(1)

I R N = \begin{matrix} \sum_{d i a l}^{i} E T 0 K_{c} & K_{S} & K_{L} & - P_{E} \end{matrix}

(2)

K_{S} = \frac{L n (L A A + 1)}{L n (C T A + 1)}

(3)

K_{L} = \frac{P}{100} + 0,15 (1 - \frac{P}{100})

(4)

I T N = \frac{I R N}{E i}

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Performance of arugula genotypes under irrigation depths on Brazilian Cerrado

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: fernando.cunha@ufv.br