Agro-economic responsiveness of radish associations with cowpea in the presence of different amounts of <i>Calotropis procera</i>, spatial arrangements and agricultural crops

Nunes, Renato Leandro Costa; Bezerra Neto, Francisco; Lima, Jailma Suerda Silva de; Barros Júnior, Aurélio Paes; Chaves, Aridênia Peixoto; Silva, Josimar Nogueora da

doi:10.1590/1413-70542018424010318

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Agricultural Sciences • Ciênc. agrotec. 42 (4) • Jul-Aug 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018424010318 copy

Agro-economic responsiveness of radish associations with cowpea in the presence of different amounts of Calotropis procera, spatial arrangements and agricultural crops

Responsividade agroeconômica de associações de rabanete com caupi na presença de diferentes quantidades de Calotropis procera, arranjos espaciais e safras de cultivo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The integration of research emphasizing sustainable development, employment, income generation and food security has been highlighted in the media. The objective of this research was to evaluate the agro-economic responsiveness of radish associations with cowpea in the presence of different amounts of roostertree, spatial arrangements and agricultural crops. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, with treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, where the first factor consisted of four amounts of C. procera incorporated in the soil (20, 35, 50 and 65 t ha^-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor of three spatial arrangements (2:2, 3:3, and 4:4) in two cropping seasons. Radish samples were evaluated for plant height, dry mass of shoots, total and commercial productivity of roots, productivity of scrap roots, and dry mass of roots, while in cowpea, vegetation was assessed for length of green pods, number of pods per square meter, productivity and dry mass of green pods, number of green grains per pod, weight of 100 green grains, and yield and dry mass of green grains. The economic indicators of monetary advantage and modified monetary advantage were used in the evaluation of efficiency. A greater agro-economic responsiveness of the intercropping of radish and cowpea crops was obtained with the incorporation of 56.44 t ha^-1 of C. procera. The spatial arrangements of 3:3 and 4:4 had better agronomic and economic responsiveness. The association between radish and cowpea is feasible when the crops are fertilized with C. procera.

Index terms:
Raphanus sativus; Vigna unguiculata; intercropping.

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: aurelio.barros@ufersa.edu.br

Depth * (cm)	Coarse sand	Fine sand	Silt	Clay
	----------------g kg^-1----------------
	Soil profile of the Typical dystrophic red Ultisol
A (0-22)	729	192	20	59
AB (22-47)	580	262	27	131
BA (47-107)	502	238	42	219
Bt1(107-183)	487	239	48	226
Bt2(183-233⁺)	419	165	48	369

Prior to incorporation of C. procera
Cropping season	N g kg^-1	pH (water)	EC ds m^-1	O.M. g kg^-1	P	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Cropping season	N g kg^-1	pH (water)	EC ds m^-1	O.M. g kg^-1	mg dm^-3			cmol_c dm^-3			mg dm^-3
1	0.51	7.46	1.77	3.64	63.3	60.0	17.0	2.09	0.58	0.19	2.03	10.43	6.21
2	0.42	6.60	0.10	3.65	34.2	69.2	19.0	3.10	0.80	0.29	2.86	11.40	7.35

Cropping season	Macronutrient contents in the green manure (g kg^-1)					Micronutrient contents and sodium in the green manure (mg kg^-1)					C/N ratio
Cropping season	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Na	C/N ratio
1	18.40	3.10	14.50	16.30	13.50	100.5	21.75	37.88	3.85	608.5	25:1
2	15.30	0.66	25.60	8.60	4.32	94.3	16.24	29.77	3.04	207.3	25:1

CROP SEASON 1
Amounts of C. procera biomass	Spatial arrangement	(GI) R$ ha^-1	(VC) R$ ha^-1					(FC) R$ ha^-1			(OC) R$ ha^-1		(TC) R$ ha^-1	(NI) R$ ha^-1
Amounts of C. procera biomass	Spatial arrangement	(GI) R$ ha^-1	(I)	(L)	(E)	(OE)	(MC)	(D)	(TF)	(FHL)	(LR)	(RFC)	(TC) R$ ha^-1	(NI) R$ ha^-1
20 t ha^-1	2:2	25,373.95	2,903.60	7,781.00	230.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	15,301.92	10,072.03
	3:3	25,511.18	2,903.60	7,939.40	230.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	15,460.32	10,050.86
	4:4	22,196.34	2,903.60	7,631.40	230.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	15,152.32	7,044.03
35 t ha^-1	2:2	30,851.47	2,903.60	11,558.50	241.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	19,090.42	11,761.06
	3:3	37,114.88	2,903.60	11,651.30	241.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	19,183.22	17,931.66
	4:4	33,541.31	2,903.60	11,462.10	241.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	18,994.02	14,547.30
50 t ha^-1	2:2	36,297.91	2,903.60	15,049.35	252.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	22,592.27	13,706.64
	3:3	38,246.29	2,903.60	14,919.35	252.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	22,462.27	15,784.02
	4:4	39,002.12	2,903.60	14,782.55	252.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	22,325.47	16,676.66
65 t ha^-1	2:2	38,579.26	2,903.60	18,007.10	263.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	25,553.01	13,026.24
	3:3	41,338.31	2,903.60	18,039.50	263.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	25,585.41	15,752.90
	4:4	44,861.29	2,903.60	18,057.50	263.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,364.00	300.00	999.84	25,603.41	19,257.88
CROP SEASON 2
		(GI) R$ ha^-1	(VC) R$ ha^-1					(FC) R$ ha^-1			(OC) R$ ha^-1		(TC) R$ ha^-1	(NI) R$ ha^-1
		(GI) R$ ha^-1	(I)	(L)	(E)	(OE)	(MC)	(D)	(TF)	(FHL)	(LR)	(RFC)	(TC) R$ ha^-1	(NI) R$ ha^-1
20 t ha^-1	2:2	29,833.67	2,943.60	7,407.00	230.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	15,414.92	14,418.75
	3:3	32,148.40	2,943.60	7,462.60	230.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	15,470.52	16,677.88
	4:4	33,269.36	2,943.60	7,317.40	230.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	15,325.32	17,944.04
35 t ha^-1	2:2	34,973.51	2,943.60	10,979.30	241.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	18,998.22	15,975.30
	3:3	36,328.94	2,943.60	10,881.70	241.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	18,900.62	17,428.32
	4:4	35,393.69	2,943.60	10,791.30	241.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	18,810.22	16,583.47
50 t ha^-1	2:2	42,447.93	2,943.60	14,588.55	252.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	22,618.47	19,829.46
	3:3	38,212.01	2,943.60	14,198.95	252.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	22,228.87	15,983.15
	4:4	38,486.67	2,943.60	14,138.55	252.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	22,168.47	16,318.21
65 t ha^-1	2:2	35,307.50	2,943.60	17,434.70	263.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	25,467.61	9,839.88
	3:3	38,558.24	2,943.60	17,215.10	263.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	25,248.01	13,310.23
	4:4	39,268.29	2,943.60	17,137.10	263.70	120.60	220.17	372.00	10.00	2,811.00	300.00	999.84	25,170.01	14,098.28

Sources of variation	DF	PH	DMS	PTR	PCR	PSR	DMR
Blocks (Seasons)	6	7.28^**	4.50^**	3.06^**	3.78^**	2.09^ns	0.67^ns
Seasons (S)	1	22.05^**	142.20^**	321.48^**	204.64^**	18.89^**	157.63^**
Amounts (Q)	3	18.23^**	13.19^**	17.06^**	14.45^**	0.35^ns	10.69^**
Spatial arrangements (A)	2	0.19^ns	14.60^**	15.60^**	8.27^**	6.07^**	11.08^**
S x Q	3	1.13^ns	0.43^ns	3.25^*	3.71^*	2.47^ns	2.47^ns
S x A	2	2.18^ns	1.16^ns	0.01^ns	0.15^ns	0.75^ns	2.23^ns
Q x A	6	1.23^ns	1.95^ns	0.79^ns	0.46^ns	0.48^ns	2.69^*
S x Q x A	6	1.27^ns	1.94^ns	1.47^ns	1.03^ns	0.45^ns	1.93^ns
CV (%)	-	11.11	19.82	13.80	18.04	42.21	17.46

Incorporated amount	PTR (t ha^-1)		PCR (t ha^-1)		DMR (t ha^-1)
Incorporated amount	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season	2:2	3:3	4:4
20	3.36 b	7.49 a	2.58 b	6.31 a	0.29 a	0.33 a	0.30 a
35	4.92 b	8.20 a	4.10 b	7.28 a	0.34 a	0.37 a	0.38 a
50	5.47 b	8.68 a	4.65 b	7.65 a	0.37 a	0.41 a	0.44 a
65	5.72 b	8.24 a	5.11 b	6.96 a	0.29 b	0.36 b	0.46 a

Spatial arrangement	HP (cm)	DMS (t ha^-1)	PTR (t ha^-1)	PCR (t ha^-1)	PSR (t ha^-1)	DMR (t ha^-1)
2:2	16.78 A	0.37 B	5.80 B	4.99 B	0.81 B
3:3	17.07 A	0.44 A	6.74 A	5.89 A	0.85 B
4:4	16.88 A	0.48 A	6.99 A	5.86 A	1.12 A
Cropping season
1	16.01 B	0.32 B			0.76 B	0.28 B
2	17.81 A	0.53 A			1.10 A	0.45 A

Sources of variation	DF	LGP	NGP	PGP	DMGP	NGGP	W100GG	YGG	DMGG
Blocks (Seasons)	6	0.57^ns	0.84^ns	1.61^ns	0.96^ns	0.58^ns	0.72^ns	1.08^ns	0.96^ns
Seasons (S)	1	31.55^**	401.01^**	977.24^**	30.47^**	34.73^**	6.02^*	347.12^**	24.04^**
Amounts (Q)	3	26.26^**	44.33^**	43.28^**	50.19^**	16.12^**	1.53^ns	55.16^**	56.48^**
Spatial arrangements (A)	2	1.82^ns	1.35^ns	0.55^ns	0.43^ns	2.37^ns	1.18^ns	1.35^ns	0.35^ns
S x Q	3	4.12^**	2.38^ns	11.33^**	0.70^ns	0.71^ns	0.36^ns	3.30^*	0.90^ns
S x A	2	2.12^ns	1.51^ns	0.59^ns	0.53^ns	0.35^ns	0.54^ns	2.43^ns	0.78^ns
Q x A	6	1.08^ns	1.39^ns	2.01^ns	1.56^ns	1.10^ns	1.50^ns	1.52^ns	1.26^ns
S x Q x A	6	0.72^ns	0.41^ns	0.82^ns	0.51^ns	0.86^ns	0.52^ns	0.46^ns	0.59^ns
CV (%)	-	4.32	18.39	19.70	22.27	9.20	7.46	20.77	22.62

Incorporated amount	LGP (cm)		PGP (t ha^-1)		YGG (t ha^-1)
Incorporated amount	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season	1^st season	2^nd season
20	15.88 a	14.29 b	4.02 a	0.72 b	1.83 a	0.60 b
35	16.33 a	15.76 b	6.29 a	1.33 b	2.98 a	1.15 b
50	16.47 a	16.23 a	6.88 a	1.75 b	3.29 a	1.63 b
65	17.20 a	16.40 b	7.47 a	1.82 b	3.76 a	1.76 b

Cropping season	NGP (m²)	DMGP (t ha^-1)	NGGP	W100GG (g)	DMGG (t ha^-1)
1	170.02 A	1.24 A	8.50 A	35.10 B	0.86 A
2	77.14 B	0.96 B	7.61 B	36.43 A	0.68 B

SV	DF	MA	MMA
Blocks (Seasons)	6	2.22^ns	2.18^*
Seasons (S)	1	1.26^ns	0.32^ns
Amounts (Q)	3	47.84^**	21.18^**
Spatial arrangements (A)	2	0.70^ns	0.96^ns
S x Q	3	1.82^ns	2.27^ns
S x A	2	2.89^ns	1.87^ns
Q x A	6	0.83^ns	0.93^ns
S x Q x A	6	1.29^ns	1.14^ns
CV (%)	-	40.77	56.44

Spatial arrangement	MA	MMA
2:2	10,391.04 A	4,244.13 A
3:3	11,510.16 A	4,936.34 A
4:4	11,594.08 A	5,133.76 A
Cropping season
1	11,686.40 A	4,927.94 A
2	10,643.79 A	4,614.88 A