SELECTIVE TRUST IN PRESCHOOLERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Souza, Débora de Hollanda; Messias, Ana Carolina

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Brasil

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ARTICLE • Psicol. Estud. 25 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v25i0.44631 copy

SELECTIVE TRUST IN PRESCHOOLERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ¹ 1 Support and funding: Research and manuscript preparation were funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, Finance Code 001. This study is part of the research program of the National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition, and Teaching, supported by grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (Grants # 573972/2008-7 and 465686/2014-1) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP (Grants # 2008/57705-8 and 2014/50909-8).

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ABSTRACT.

Although the field of studies on selective trust has gained much attention in recent years, this line of research is not yet sufficiently publicized in Brazil. The present systematic review aimed to assess scientific evidence on selective trust in preschool children, as well as on possible variables influencing trust judgements. The search was performed in PSYCINFO, ScieloBrasil, PEPSIC and LILACS, using the keywords ‘selective trust’, ‘epistemic trust’ and their correspondents in Portuguese confiança seletiva and confiança epistêmica. From a total of 103 studies found, 45 empirical articles, published between 2008 and 2018, were analyzed using the PRISMA protocol. In contrast to a predominant view in many cultures that children believe everything they hear, they are not naïve consumers of information. Effects of individual and contextual variables on selective trust judgments are discussed, which point to promising future research directions.

Keywords:
Selective trust; preschoolers; social cognition

Journal (Qualis)	Number of articles	References
British J. of Devt. Psychology (A1;FI: 1,54)	2	Brosseau-Liard, Penney, & Poulin-Dubois, 2015Brosseau-Liard, P. E., Penney, D., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2015). Theory of mind selectively predicts preschoolers’ knowledge-based selective word learning. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 464-475. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12107 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12107... ; Vanderbilt, Ochoa, & Heilbrun, 2018Vanderbilt, K. E., Ochoa, K. D., & Heilbrun, J. (2018). Consider the source: children link the accuracy of text-based sources to the accuracy of the author. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12247 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12247...
Child Development (FI:5,02)	4	Lane, Wellman, & Gelman, 2013Lane, J. D., Wellman, H. M., & Gelman, S. A. (2013). Informants' traits weigh heavily in young children's trust in testimony and in their epistemic inferences. Child Development, 84(4), 1253-1268. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12029 https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12029... ; Lane & Harris, 2015Li, Q.-G., Heyman, G. D., Xu, F., & Lee, K. (2014). Young children’s use of honesty as a basis for selective trust. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 117, 59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.0... ; Ronfard & Lane, 2018Ronfard, S., & Lane, J. D. (2018). Preschoolers continually adjust their epistemic trust based on an informant's ongoing accuracy. Child Development, 89(2), 414-429. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12720 https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12720... ; Isella, Kanngiesser, &Tomasello, 2018Isella, M., Kanngiesser, P., & Tomasello, M. (2018). Children's selective trust in promises. Child Development. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13105 https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13105...
Cognition (A1; FI: 3,54)	4	Mascaro & Sperber, 2009Mascaro, O., & Sperber, D. (2009). The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception. Cognition, 112(3), 367-380. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009... ; Gweon, Pelton, Konopka, & Schulz, 2014Gweon, H., Pelton, H., Konopka, J. A., & Schulz, L. E. (2014). Sins of omission: children selectively explore when teachers are under-informative. Cognition, 132(3), 335-341. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.04.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014... ; Landrum & Mills, 2015Landrum, A. R., & Mills, C. M. (2015). Developing expectations regarding the boundaries of expertise. Cognition, 134, 215-231. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.10.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014... ; Stephens & Koenig, 2015Stephens, E. C., & Koenig, M. A. (2015). Varieties of testimony: children’s selective learning in semantic versus episodic domains. Cognition, 137, 182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015...
Journal of Cognition and Development (IF: 1,84)	3	DiYanni, Nini, Rheel, & Livelli, 2012Di Yanni, C., Nini, D., Rheel, W., & Livelli, A. (2012). ‘I won't trust you if I think you're trying to deceive me': relations between selective trust, theory of mind, and imitation in early childhood. Journal of Cognition and Development, 13(3), 354-371. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2011.590462 https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2011.59... ; Danovitch &Alzahabi, 2013Danovitch, J. H., &Alzahabi, R. (2013). Children show selective trust in technological informants. Journalof Cognition and Development, 14(3), 499-513. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2012.689391 https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2012.68... ; Kim & Harris, 2014Kim, S., & Harris, P. L. (2014). Belief in magic predicts children's selective trust in informants. Journal of Cognition and Development, 15(2), 181-196. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2012.751917 https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2012.75...
Cognition and Emotion (IF: 2,37)	1	Gillis & Nilsen, 2017Gillis, R. L., & Nilsen, E. S. (2017). Consistency between verbal and non-verbal affective cues: A clue to speaker credibility. Cognition and Emotion, 31(4), 645-656. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1147422 https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.11...
Cognitive Development (IF: 2,06)	2	MacDonald, Schug, Chase, & Barth, 2013MacDonald, K., Schug, M., Chase, E., & Barth, H. (2013). My people, right or wrong? Minimal group membership disrupts preschoolers’ selective trust. Cognitive Development, 28(3), 247-259. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2012.11.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2012.11... ; Palmquist & Jaswal, 2015Palmquist, C. M., & Jaswal, V. K. (2015). Preschoolers’ inferences about pointers and labelers: the modality matters. Cognitive Development, 35, 178-185. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2015.06.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2015.06...
Cognitive Science (IF: 2,25)	1	Kim, Paulus, & Kalishc, 2017Kim, S., Paulus, M., & Kalish, C. (2017). Young children's reliance on information from inaccurate informants. Cognitive Science, 41(Suppl 3), 601-621. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12471 https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12471...
Developmental Psychology (IF: 3,34)	10	Fitneva & Dunfield, 2010Fitneva, S. A., & Dunfield, K. A. (2010). Selective information seeking after a single encounter. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1380-1384. doi: 10.1037/a0019818 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019818... ; Chan & Tardif, 2013Chan, C. C. Y., & Tardif, T. (2013). Knowing better: the role of prior knowledge and culture in trust in testimony. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 591-601. doi: 10.1037/a0031336 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031336... ; Doebel & Koenig, 2013Doebel, S., & Koenig, M. A. (2013). Children's use of moral behavior in selective trust: discrimination versus learning. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 462-469. doi: 10.1037/a0031595 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031595... ; Kushnir, Vredenburgh, & Schneider, 2013Kushnir, T., Vredenburgh, C., & Schneider, L. A. (2013). “Who can help me fix this toy?” The distinction between causal knowledge and word knowledge guides preschoolers' selective requests for information. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 446-453. doi: 10.1037/a0031649 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031649... ; Liu, Vanderbilt, & Heyman, 2013Liu, D., Vanderbilt, K. E., & Heyman, G. D. (2013). Selective trust: children's use of intention and outcome of past testimony. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 439-445. doi: 10.1037/a0031615 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031615... ; Lucas, Lewis, Pala, Wong, & Berridge, 2013Lucas, A. J., Lewis, C., Pala, F. C., Wong, K., & Berridge, D. (2013). Social-cognitive processes in preschoolers' selective trust: Three cultures compared. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 579-590. doi: 10.1037/a0029864 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029864... ; Scofield, Gilpin, Pierucci, & Morgan, 2013Scofield, J., Gilpin, A. T., Pierucci, J., & Morgan, R. (2013). Matters of accuracy and conventionality: prior accuracy guides children's evaluations of others' actions. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 432-438. doi: 10.1037/a0029888 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029888... ; Hermes, Behne, & Rakoczy, 2015Rakoczy, H., Ehrling, C., Harris, P. L., & Schultze, T. (2015). Young children heed advice selectively. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 138, 71-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.0... ; Hagá & Olson, 2017Hagá, S., & Olson, K. R. (2017). Knowing-it-all but still learning: perceptions of one’s own knowledge and belief revision. Developmental Psychology, 53(12), 2319-2332. doi: 10.1037/dev0000433 https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000433... ; Kushnir & Koenig, 2017Kushnir, T., & Koenig, M. A. (2017). What I don’t know won’t hurt you: the relation between professed ignorance and later knowledge claims. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 826-835. doi: 10.1037/dev0000294 https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000294...
Developmental Science (IF: 4,10)	2	Kinzler, Corriveau, & Harris, 2011Kinzler, K. D., Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2011). Children’s selective trust in native-accented speakers. Developmental Science, 14(1), 106-111. doi: http://dx-doi-org.ez31.periodicos.capes.gov.br/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00965.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010... ; Hermes, Behne, Bich, Thielert, & Rakoczy, 2017Hermes, J., Behne, T., Bich, A. E., Thielert, C., & Rakoczy, H. (2017). Children's selective trust decisions: rational competence and limiting performance factors. Developmental Science, 21(2). doi: 10.1111/desc.12527 https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12527...
Evolution and Human Behavior (IF: 2,96)	1	Turner, Giraldeau, & Flynn, 2017Turner, C., Giraldeau, L.-A., & Flynn, E. (2017). How does the reliability of a model affect children's choice to learn socially or individually? Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(3), 341-349. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.11.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2...
Frontiers in Psychology (A1; IF: 2,13)	1	Mills & Landrum, 2016Mills, C. M., & Landrum, A. R. (2016). Learning who knows what: children adjust their inquiry to gather information from others. Frontiers in Psychology , 7.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00951 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00951...
Infant and Child Development (IF: 1,22)	3	Brosseau-Liard, 2014Li, Q.-G., Heyman, G. D., Xu, F., & Lee, K. (2014). Young children’s use of honesty as a basis for selective trust. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 117, 59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.0... ; Einav, Rydland, Grover, Robinson, & Harris, 2018Harris, P. L., Koenig, M. A., Corriveau, K. H., & Jaswal, V. K. (2018). Cognitive foundations of learning from testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 251-273. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011710 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-12... ; Vanderbilt, Heyman, & Liu, 2018Vanderbilt, K. E., Ochoa, K. D., & Heilbrun, J. (2018). Consider the source: children link the accuracy of text-based sources to the accuracy of the author. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12247 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12247...
Journal of Exp. Child Psychology (A1; IF: 2,98)	8	Fusaro, Corriveau, & Harris, 2011Fusaro, M., Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2011). The good, the strong, and the accurate: preschoolers’ evaluations of informant attributes. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(4), 561-574. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.06.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.06.0... ; Li, Heyman, Xu, & Lee, 2014Li, Q.-G., Heyman, G. D., Xu, F., & Lee, K. (2014). Young children’s use of honesty as a basis for selective trust. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 117, 59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.0... ; Taylor, 2013Taylor, M. G. (2013). Gender influences on children’s selective trust of adult testimony. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115(4), 672-690. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.04.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.04.0... ; Rakoczy, Ehrling, Harris, & Schultze, 2015Rakoczy, H., Ehrling, C., Harris, P. L., & Schultze, T. (2015). Young children heed advice selectively. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 138, 71-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.0... ; Bascandziev & Harris, 2016Bascandziev, I., & Harris, P. L. (2016). The beautiful and the accurate: are children’s selective trust decisions biased? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 152, 92-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.06.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.06.0... ; Palmquist, Jaswal, & Rutherford, 2016Palmquist, C. M., Jaswal, V. K., & Rutherford, A. (2016). Success inhibits preschoolers’ ability to establish selective trust. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 152, 192-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.07.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.07.0... ; Li &Yow, 2018Yow, W. Q., & Li, X. (2018). The influence of language behavior in social preferences and selective trust of monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 166, 635-651. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.0... ; Yow & Li, 2018Li, X., & Yow, W. Q. (2018). Willingness to revise own testimony: 3- and 4-year-olds’ selective trust in unexpected testimony from accurate and inaccurate informants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 173, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.0...
Psychological Science (IF: 4,90)	1	Einav & Robinson, 2011Einav, S., & Robinson, E. J. (2011). When being right is not enough: four-year-olds distinguish knowledgeable informants from merely accurate informants. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1250-1253. doi: 10.1177/0956797611416998 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416998...
Quarterly J. Exp. Psychology (IF: 2,49)	1	Barth, Bhandari, Garcia, MacDonald, & Chase, 2014Barth, H., Bhandari, K., Garcia, J., MacDonald, K., & Chase, E. (2014). Preschoolers trust novel members of accurate speakers' groups and judge them favourably. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(5), 872-883. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2013.836234 https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.83...
Social Development (IF: 1,81)	1	Einav, 2018Einav, S. (2018). Thinking for themselves? The effect of informant independence on children's endorsement of testimony from a consensus. Social Development, 27(1), 73-86. doi: 10.1111/sode.12264 https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12264...

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