Differences between men and women in the quality of their diet: a study conducted on a population in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

Assumpção, Daniela de; Domene, Semíramis Martins Álvares; Fisberg, Regina Mara; Canesqui, Ana Maria; Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo

doi:10.1590/1413-81232017222.16962015

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde colet. 22 (2) • Feb 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017222.16962015 copy

Differences between men and women in the quality of their diet: a study conducted on a population in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate differences between men and women on a global index and for each component of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Revised-Index (BHEI-R), as well as with reference to associated factors of the BHEI-R. This is a cross-sectional population-based study which analyzed information for 949 adults. For each sex, the mean for BHEI-R and its components were estimated. Women showed higher scores in the components of: fruits, vegetables and milk. Amongst men, the score was higher only in the component of: meat and eggs. Regarding associated factors, important differences were observed between the sexes. For men, better scores were observed among those aged 40 years or over and for those who did not do anything to lose weight. For women, in relation to better quality of diet, the following was observed: the advancing age, the practice of physical activities in leisure time, not smoking, living with less than three people in their household and the presence of chronic diseases. The results pointed to the need to develop strategies to improve the quality of diets in adults, especially men.

Sex; Adult; Food consumption; Health surveys; Population groups

Components of the BHEI-R	Range of points (minimum to maximum)	Criteria for the minimum points	Criteria for the maximum points
Adequacy (high scores mean greater consumption)
1. Total fruits^*	0 to 5	No consumption	1.0 portion/1.000 kcal
2. Whole fruits	0 to 5	No consumption	0.5 portion/1.000 kcal
3. Total vegetables	0 to 5	No consumption	1.0 portion/1.000 kcal
4. Dark green and orange vegetables	0 to 5	No consumption	0.5 portion/1.000 kcal
5. Total grains	0 to 5	No consumption	2.0 portion/1.000 kcal
6. Whole grains	0 to 5	No consumption	1.0 portion/1.000 kcal
7. Milk and dairy products	0 to 10	No consumption	1.5 portion/1.000 kcal
8. Meat and eggs^#	0 to 10	No consumption	1.0 portion/1.000 kcal
9. Oils^**	0 to 10	No consumption	0.5 portion/1.000 kcal
Moderation (high scores means less consumption)
10. Saturated fat	0 to 10	≥ 15% of the VET^***	≤ 7% of the VET
11. Sodium	0 to 10	≥ 2.0g/1.000 kcal	≤ 0.75g/1.000 kcal
12. SoFAAS	0 to 20	≤ 35% of the VET	≤ 10% of the VET
BHEI-R total	0 to 100

Components of the BHEI-R	Total	Sex

	Global average^*	Male (1)	Female (2)	P-value^#(2)-(1)
Total grains	4.63	4.64	4.62	0.728
Whole grains	0.22	0.19	0.25	0.143
Total vegetables	2.97	2.74	3.18	0.000
Dark green and orange vegetables	1.45	1.24	1.65	0.006
Total fruits	1.80	1.41	2.16	0.000
Whole fruits	1.91	1.52	2.26	0.000
Milk and dairy products	4.12	3.67	4.53	0.001
Meat and eggs	8.37	8.62	8.12	0.003
Oils	8.73	8.86	8.61	0.319
Sodium	2.27	2.12	2.41	0.063
Saturated fat	6.29	6.40	6.40	0.244
SoFAAS	9.92	9.76	10.07	0.382
BHEI-R total	52.70	51.22	54.10	0.000

Variables	Men			Women

	n	Averages^**	P-value^#	n	Averages^**	P-value^#
Age range (in years)
20 to 29^*	153	48.92		150	50.43
30 to 39	100	50.97	0.108	131	54.39	0.005
40 to 49	96	52.54	0.002	124	56.13	0.000
50 to 59	95	54.01	0.001	100	56.84	0.000
Race / Color of skin
White^*	322	51.40		367	54.40
Black	42	51.74	0.847	43	52.13	0.337
Mixed-race	76	50.41	0.533	92	53.64	0.574
Number of people in household
1 to 2^*	102	51.62		112	56.06
3 to 5	268	51.31	0.803	307	54.02	0.061
6 or +	74	50.34	0.433	86	51.73	0.005
Marital status
With spouse^*	276	51.75		311	54.67
Separated	33	52.82	0.624	57	54.60	0.973
Single	132	49.66	0.053	125	52.34	0.063
Number of appliances in household
1 to 9^*	168	50.86		170	52.83
10 to 14	140	50.70	0.892	170	53.58	0.566
15 or +	135	52.27	0.406	164	55.82	0.040
Family income per capita (minimum wage)
< 1^*	160	51.76		216	54.16
1 to 3	201	50.76	0.291	193	53.18	0.439
> 3	83	51.32	0.753	96	55.70	0.379
Level of education (in years)
0 to 7^*	119	51.50		153	54.33
8 to 11	188	50.07	0.190	211	53.38	0.422
12 or +	137	52.49	0.521	141	54.89	0.698

Variables	Men			Women

	n	Averages^**	P-value^#	n	Averages^**	P-value^#
Smoking
Never smoked^*	280	50.98		363	54.19
Ex-smoker	53	51.70	0.627	56	56.66	0.166
Smoker	110	51.66	0.613	85	52.07	0.133
Rules of households with reference to smoking
Not permitted to smoke^*	186	51.70		204	55.92
Permitted to smoke in some areas / times	117	50.46	0.355	145	52.98	0.010
No rules	140	51.28	0.689	155	52.83	0.010
Frequency of alcohol consumption
Do not drink^*	174	51.97		323	54.59
1 to 4 times in the month	172	50.23	0.115	155	53.39	0.423
2 or + times in the week	98	51.68	0.848	25	52.47	0.435
AUDIT ^***
Negative^*	375	51.61		487	54.25
Positive	69	49.12	0.140	17	49.72	0.145
Practice of physical activity at leisure (IPAQ)
Sedentary^*	260	50.65		377	53.17
Insufficiently active	100	51.37	0.530	54	56.66	0.102
Active	84	52.74	0.210	74	56.88	0.010
Would like to change their weight
No^*	251	51.84		152	54.39
Yes, gain weight	49	52.96	0.543	37	49.94	0.068
Yes, lose weight	143	49.58	0.038	312	54.37	0.982
Do something to lose weight
No^*	397	51.67		373	53.09
Yes	47	47.41	0.021	132	56.87	0.005
Number of chronic diseases
0^*	301	50.49		288	52.30
1 or +	140	52.63	0.091	210	56.52	0.001
IMC (Kg / m ² )
Low weight / eutrophy^*	223	51.44		264	54.05
Overweight	152	51.75	0.809	147	54.51	0.676
Obesity	58	49.44	0.213	85	54.01	0.979

Men

Variables	First step^**(CI95%)	P-value^#	Second step^***(CI95%)	P-value^#
Energy (Kcal)	54.79 (50.60-58.98)		55.35 (51.20-59.50)
Age range (in years)
20 to 29^*	54.79 (50.60-58.98)		55.35 (51.20-59.50)
30 to 39	56.84 (50.15-63.52)	0.106	57.42 (50.79-64.07)	0.101
40 to 49	57.18 (50.61-63.74)	0.048	57.65 (51.07-64.24)	0.064
50 to 59	59.07 (51.91-66.24)	0.006	59.71 (52.50-66.92)	0.006
Do something to lose weight
No^*			55.35 (51.20-59.50)
Yes			50.82 (43.30-58.35)	0.010

Women

Variables	First step ^ (CI95%)**	P-value ^#	Second step ^* (CI95%)**	P-value ^#

Energy (Kcal)	58.70 (54.80-62.60)		57.55 (53.46-61.64)
Age range (in years)
20 to 29^*	58.70 (54.80-62.60)		57.55 (53.46-61.64)
30 to 39	62.07 (55.65-68.48)	0.010	60.82 (54.19-67.44)	0.013
40 to 49	63.73 (57.31-70.14)	0.000	62.05 (55.10-69.00)	0.003
50 to 59	63.88 (56.76-71.00)	0.002	61.31 (53.89-68.73)	0.028
Number of people in household
1 to 2^*	58.70 (54.80-62.60)		57.55 (53.46-61.64)
3 to 5	56.52 (50.52-62.51)	0.042	55.37 (49.26-61.47)	0.034
6 or +	54.55 (47.65-61.46)	0.008	53.63 (46.43-60.83)	0.014
Smoking
Never smoked^*			57.55 (53.46-61.64)
Ex-smoker			58.14 (50.49-65.79)	0.741
Smoker			54.01 (47.03-61.01)	0.018
Practice of physical activity at leisure (IPAQ)
Sedentary^*			57.55 (53.46-61.64)
Insufficiently active			61.49 (53.80-69.18)	0.033
Active			60.44 (53.64-67.23)	0.037
Number of chronic diseases
0^*			57.55 (53.46-61.64)
1 or +			60.50 (53.98-67.02)	0.018

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[1] Collaborations

D Assumpção came up with the proposal for this paper and also conducted a revision of the literature in this area as well as having analyzed the data and drafted the text. SMA Domene, AM Canesqui e RM Fisberg collaborated in interpreting the data as well as drafting and critically revising the intellectual content. MBA Barros participated in coming up with the proposal for this paper as well as analyzing the data and drafting the text.