Factors associated with negative self-rated health in menopausal women

Silva, Vitor Hipólito; Rocha, Josiane Santos Brant; Caldeira, Antonio Prates

doi:10.1590/1413-81232018235.17112016

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Free Themes • Ciênc. saúde colet. 23 (5) • May 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018235.17112016 copy

Factors associated with negative self-rated health in menopausal women

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The scope of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with negative self-rated health in menopausal women registered with the Family Health Strategy in a Brazilian urban center. It is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of menopausal women. A validated instrument addressing sociodemographic and behavioral data related to self-rated health status was used. The association between the variables studied and negative self-rated health was assessed by bivariate analysis followed by Poisson regression with robust variance, in a hierarchical model. The prevalence of negative self-rated health among the population studied was 41.6%, among 761 women. Among women aged 52-65 years old, 49.2% had negative self-rated health. Age corresponding to post-menopause, education up to eight years of study, having a partner, not having a formal job, current tobacco use and physical inactivity were associated with negative self-rated health. The presence of menopausal symptoms, overweight and obesity, the current use of medication and the presence of chronic diseases were also associated with negative self-rated health in the final model. The associations observed point to the need for health promotion activities aimed at menopausal women.

Key words
Self-assessment; Health status; Menopause; Family Health Strategy

Variables		(n)	%	%^* *()** Adjusted prevalence, according to the complex sample analysis.
Age
	40 to 45 years old (premenopausal)	224	28.4	29.4
	46 to 51 years old (perimenopause)	203	27.3	26.7
	52 to 65 years old (postmenopausal)	334	44.3	43.9
Skin color
	White	129	18.0	17.0
	Brown	499	64.8	65.6
	Black	90	12.0	11.8
	Other	43	5.2	5.6
Marital status
	Single	71	9.3	9.3
	Married	490	65.3	64.4
	Divorced	123	15.4	16.2
	Widowed	77	10.0	10.1
Schooling
	Up to 4 years of study	308	39.6	40.5
	5 to 8 years of study	203	26.8	26.7
	More than 8 years of study	250	33.6	32.8
Formal employment
	No	446	59.0	58.6
	Yes	315	41.0	41.4
Smoking habit
	No	81	10.0	10.6
	Yes	680	90.0	89.4
Alcohol abuse
	Yes	56	7.4	7.8
	No	705	92.6	92.2
Physical activity
	Sedentarism	231	30.7	30.3
	Irregularly active	432	56.1	56.8
	Active/very active	98	13.1	12.9

Variables		(n)	%	%^* *()** Adjusted prevalence, according to the complex sample analysis.
Menstruated in the last 12 months
	No	406	53.4	53.4
	Yes	355	46.6	46.6
Medications use
	Yes	486	63.5	63.8
	No	275	36.5	36.2
Self-reported morbidities ^ () The sum is higher than 100% as some women reported more than one comorbidity.
	Hypertension	365	48.1	47.9
	Increased cholesterol	312	40.7	41.0
	Heart problems	100	13.9	13.2
	Diabetes	117	15.0	15.4
	Spinal problems (back pain)	405	52.0	53.2
	Depression	174	22.9	22.8
BMI
	Adequate	198	26.1	26.0
	Overweight	289	38.4	38.0
	Obesity	274	35.5	36.0
Climacteric symptoms
	Present	292	39.0	38.4
	Absent	469	61.0	61.6
Self-rated health
	Very good	110	14.1	14.4
	Good	335	43.2	44.0
	Regular	241	32.7	31.7
	Bad	75	10.0	9.9

Variables		Self-rated health
		Negative		Positive		p-value	PR (CI 95%)^* *()** PR: Prevalence ratio; CI 95%: 95% Confidence Interval.
		(n)	%	(n)	%	p-value
Age						< 0.001
	52 to 65 years	166	49.2	171	50.8		1.37(1.33-1.41)
	40 to 51 years	151	35.7	273	64.3		1.00
Schooling						< 0.001
	Up to 8 years	244	48.3	261	51.7		1.73(1.67-180)
	9 years or more	71	27.8	185	72.2		1.00
Skin color						0.070
	Other	261	41.8	363	58.2		1.03(0.99-1.07)
	White	55	40.4	82	59.6		1.00
Marital status						0.010
	With a partner	210	42.2	287	57.8		1.04(1.01-1.07)
	Without a partner	107	40.6	157	59.4		1.00
Formal employment						<0.001
	No	208	46.3	241	53.7		1.32(1.28-1.36)
	Yes	109	35.0	203	65.0		1.00
Smoking habit						<0.001
	Yes	42	55.9	34	44.1		1.40(1.34-1.45)
	No	273	39.9	412	60.1		1.00
Alcohol abuse						0.210
	Yes	24	42.9	32	57.1		1.03(0.98-1.09)
	No	342	48.5	363	51.5		1.00
Physical activity						<0.001
	Sedentary	115	49.3	119	50.7		1.28(1.25-1.32)
	Actives	202	38.3	325	61.7		1.00

Variables		Self-rated health
		Negative		Positive		p-value	PR (CI 95%)^* *()** PR: Prevalence ratio; CI 95%: 95% Confidence Interval.
		(n)	%	(n)	%	p-value
Menstruated in the last 12 months						< 0.001
	No	193	47.6	213	52.4		1.36(1.32-1.41)
	Yes	124	34.8	231	65.2		1.00
Medications use						< 0.001
	Yes	238	49.2	245	50.8		1.73(1.67-1.80)
	No	79	28.3	199	71.7		1.00
Hypertension						< 0.001
	Yes	199	54.5	167	45.5		1.83(1.77-1.88)
	No	117	29.7	278	70.3		1.00
Increased cholesterol						< 0.001
	Yes	167	54.0	143	46.0		1.64(1.59-1.68)
	No	148	32.9	303	67.1		1.00
Heart problems						< 0.001
	Yes	68	64.6	38	35.4		1.69(1.64-1.74)
	No	250	38.1	405	61.9		1.00
Diabetes						< 0.001
	Yes	72	63.0	42	37.0		1.67(1.62-1.72)
	No	244	37.7	403	62.3		1.00
Spinal problems (back pain)						< 0.001
	Yes	214	54.0	182	46.0		1.96(1.90-2.03)
	No	100	27.5	265	72.5		1.00
Depression						< 0.001
	Yes	100	57.4	74	42.6		1.55(1.51-1.60)
	No	217	36.9	370	63.1		1.00
IBMI						< 0.001
	Overweight/obesity	253	45.0	309	55.0		1.41(1.35-1.46)
	Adequate	63	31.9	136	68.1		1.00
Climacteric symptoms						< 0.001
	Present	177	59.5	120	40.5		1.95(1.89-2.00)
	Absent	142	30.5	322	69.5		1.00

Variables		p-value	PR^* *()** PR: Prevalence ratio.	CI 95%^ () CI95%: 95% Confidence interval.
Distal component
	Age > 52 anos	< 0.001	1.43	1.36-1.52
	Schooling < 8 years of study	< 0.001	2.14	2.02-2.27
	With partner	< 0.001	1.15	1.09-1.22
	Formal unemployment	< 0.001	1.25	1.19-1.33
Intermediate componente
	Smoking habit	< 0.001	1.77	1.64-1.93
	Sedentarism	< 0.001	1.36	1.29-1.44
Proximal component
	Use of medications	0.008	1.11	1.03-1.20
	Hypertension	< 0.001	1.55	1.44-1.66
	Increased cholesterol	< 0.001	1.39	1.31-1.48
	Heart problems	< 0.001	1.83	1.68-1.99
	Diabetes	< 0.001	1.68	1.55-1.83
	Spinal problems (back pain)	< 0.001	2.38	2.24-2.52
	Depression	< 0.001	1.40	1.30-1.50
	Overweight/Obesity	< 0.001	1.41	1.31-1.51
	Climacteric symptoms	< 0.001	2.41	2.28-2.56

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[1] Collaborations

VH Silva, JSB Rocha and AP Caldeira also participated in all stages of the article's elaboration.