Multilateral International Organizations
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WHO/UN
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UN body responsible for health matters. Budget comprises regular contributions by Member-States and, from donors (countries and organisations), voluntary non-budget funds for specific programmes. Main donor is the USA, followed by the BMGF. Pharmaceutical companies, such as GlaxoSmithKline, also donate to the WHO. It supplies Mozambique with instruments, such as the list of pre-qualified suppliers; emergency programmes; documents to improve pharmaceutical policy and support to strengthen the pharmaceutical system2222. Bujones AK. Mozambique in Transition and the Future Role of UN. New York: Center on international Cooperation; 2013.. |
UNICEF / UN
United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
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Establishes partnerships with various organisations for provision of medicines in 190 countries, outsourcing some aspects of technical assistance. Operates in Mozambique in continuous supply of (particularly antimalarial) kits in collaboration with the PMI2323. United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Supply anual Report. Copenaghen: UNICEF; 2016.. |
Global Initiatives and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
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RBM
− Roll Back Malaria Partnership
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PPP −to raise and mobilise funding to coordination action against malaria. Set up by the World Bank, WHO, UNDP and UNICEF and its funds are donated by the GFATM, PMI, WB Malaria Booster Program, UK, BMGF2424. Ingabire CM, Alaii J, Hakizimana E. Community Mobilization for Malaria Elimination: Application of an open space methodology in Ruhha Sector, Rwanda. Malaria J 2014; 13(167):3-8.. |
Stop TB Partnership
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PPP −to eradicate TB, funded by the GFATM, national agencies and NGO partnerships with the WB, WHO, UNITAID, Global Fund and UN agencies, to expand direct observation of treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, including treatment for HIV/TB. In Mozambique, it funds the process of provision of products and supply of anti-TB drugs via a single international mechanism, the Global TB Drug Facility (GDF). It is a procurement agent set up by the IDA Foundation, and used as an implementer of the GFATM2525. Arinaminpathy N, Cordier-Lassalle T, Anant Vijay D, The Global Drug Facility and its role in the market for tuberculosis drugs. Lancet 2013; 382(9901):1373-1379.. |
UNITAID−Innovation for Global Health
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PPP −seeks and implements new quick, economic and effective means of prevention, treatment and diagnosis for HIV/Aids, TB and malaria. Uses a market negotiation approach and funds its operations from national taxes and air charges in some countries. Activities are implemented by local governments, cooperation partners, international and non-governmental organisations2626. Innovation for Global Health (UNITAID.) CHAI, UNITAID and DFID Announce Lower Prices for HIV/AIDS of the World Health Organization UNITAID. 2011. [acessado 2015 Jun 10]. Disponível em: https://donttradeourlivesaway.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/clinton-health-access-initiative-unitaid-and-dfid-announce-lower-prices-for-hivaids-medicines-in-developing-countries/
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AMFm –
Q&AAffordable Medicine Facility for Malaria
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Initiative set up in 2010 to combat malaria, hosted and managed by the GFATM. Funded primarily by UNITAID and implemented by the GFATM to supply antimalarial drugs a more accessible prices2727. Yamey G, Schäferhoof M, Montagu D. Piloting the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria: what will success look like? Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90(6):452-460.. |
GDF
− Global Drug Facility
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PPP –Set up in 2001 by Stop TB. Was hosted by the WHO in Geneva until 2014. Since 2015 hosted by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The WHOis the lead partner and member of the GDF Coordinating Board and Executive Committee. Today a unique TB drug procurement mechanism and service in the world. Funded primarily by UNITAID from 2007 to 2014. Operates via international tenders from requalified suppliers and product delivery through to destination2525. Arinaminpathy N, Cordier-Lassalle T, Anant Vijay D, The Global Drug Facility and its role in the market for tuberculosis drugs. Lancet 2013; 382(9901):1373-1379.. |
SWAP−
Sector Wide Approaches
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International cooperation strategy proposed by Danish development cooperation, particularly in lower-income countries. Implemented in Mozambique in 2000, prompting the creation of PROSAÚDE1818. Global Fund. Escritório da Inspecção Geral (GFATM) Audit of Global Fund Grants to the Republic of Mozambique, Report GF-OIG-11-018, 28 Agosto 2012.. |
UNITED STATES AGENCIES, INSTITUTES, PPPs AND INITIATIVES
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USAID −
United States Agency for International Development
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Bilateral cooperation agency, operates as lead implementer of projects connected with activities of United States health programmes (particularly PEPFAR and PMI), with logistics and operational support2828. President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief (PEPFAR). Quadro de Parceria de Apoio À Implementação da Resposta Nacional de Moçambique ao HIV/Sida Entre o Governo da República de Moçambique e o Governo dos Estados Unidos de América. Estratégia Quinquenal 2009-2013. Maputo: PEPFAR; 2009. |
CDC−Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Research centre of the United States Department of Health and Human Services; operates by supplying antiretroviral and antimalarial medicines and supporting programmes such as PEPFAR and PMI. Present in Mozambique since 2007 with a focus on the three study diseases1818. Global Fund. Escritório da Inspecção Geral (GFATM) Audit of Global Fund Grants to the Republic of Mozambique, Report GF-OIG-11-018, 28 Agosto 2012.. |
Deliver Project
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Managed by USAID in collaboration with UNICEF, to strengthen the medicine supply system and PS logistics in Mozambique; local capacity-building for management of anti-malarial inputs and technical assistance to the MISAU provided by PMI and PEPFAR3131. USAID/Deliver Project. Use of Incentives in Health Supply Chains; A Review of Results Based Financing in Mozambique’s Central Medical Store. Arlington: USAID; 2014.. |
JSI −
Research & Training Institute
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Non-governmental research institute connected to the company John Snow, Inc. (JSI Inc.), concerned with promoting technical assistance, consultancy and research to improve global health. The company has operated for thirty-five years in partnership with governments, organisations and professionals in the various countries where USAID is active. JSI partners with thirty-six organisations, involving also GHI, STOP TB and the GFATM3131. USAID/Deliver Project. Use of Incentives in Health Supply Chains; A Review of Results Based Financing in Mozambique’s Central Medical Store. Arlington: USAID; 2014.. |
MSH
- Management Science for Health
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United States NGO conducts research and provides technical support to management of US projects at the global level. Funded by six governments (including the USA, Sweden, Kenya and Malawi); seven private actors (including the BMGF, Pfizer Inc., Rockefeller Foundation, Shell); nine multilateral agencies (including the World Bank, Global Fund and WHO); eighteen NGOs and other partners (including Save the Children) and two universities (one in the US and another in Kenya)1818. Global Fund. Escritório da Inspecção Geral (GFATM) Audit of Global Fund Grants to the Republic of Mozambique, Report GF-OIG-11-018, 28 Agosto 2012.. |
PEPFAR
− President’s Emergency Plan for Aids Relief
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United States PPP set up to unify operating strategies for the HIV/Aids epidemic at the global level, funded by national tax quotas. Has eight implementation groups, the most important being USAID. Performs care, treatment, prophylactic and vertical prevention activities2828. President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief (PEPFAR). Quadro de Parceria de Apoio À Implementação da Resposta Nacional de Moçambique ao HIV/Sida Entre o Governo da República de Moçambique e o Governo dos Estados Unidos de América. Estratégia Quinquenal 2009-2013. Maputo: PEPFAR; 2009. |
PMI
− President’s Malaria Initiative – FightingMalaria and Saving Lives
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Initiative designed to reduce morbi-mortality from malaria, funded from tax revenues, programmes are managed and implemented by USAID and CDC. Collects health data from other foundations, such as the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI),in order to provide technical assistance to improve antimalarial drug supply3131. USAID/Deliver Project. Use of Incentives in Health Supply Chains; A Review of Results Based Financing in Mozambique’s Central Medical Store. Arlington: USAID; 2014.. |
PFSCM
− Partnership for Supply Chain Management
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NGOset up ad hocby the US research institutes,Management Science for Health (MSH) and JSI Research & Training Institute.Funded by USAID, operates in provision, offering technical and operational support to PEPFAR, PMI, UNICEF, GFATM and UNITAID3838. Ott R. System strengthening or undermining progress towards the long term goal of a sustainable supply chain: A Case Study of the Mozambican pharmaceutical sector [essay]. Zurich: NADEL MAS- Center for Development and Cooperation; 2014.. |
PPM –PooledProcurement Mechanism
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Known as Voluntary Pooled Procurement (VPP), it is a mechanism used by the GFATM to improve countries’ medicines procurement and logistics. Initially used in this way in Mozambique, but since 2010 USAID has administered it through the PFSCM1818. Global Fund. Escritório da Inspecção Geral (GFATM) Audit of Global Fund Grants to the Republic of Mozambique, Report GF-OIG-11-018, 28 Agosto 2012.. |
SCMS - Supply Chain Management System
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Procurement mechanism set up in 2005,which schedules and provides antiretrovirals for PEPFAR and antimalarials for PMI, administered by USAID and implemented by PFSCM3333. Meny I, Thoening JC. Las Políticas Públicas. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel S.A.; 1992.. In Mozambique, it provides technical support for scheduling and supply of United States programmes. |
PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS
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CHAI
− Clinton Health Access Initiative
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United States private foundation, seeks local solutions for health problems. Operates in HIV/Aids, malaria and vaccines. In Mozambique, receives funding from the BMGF and UNITAID to implement specific programmes and operates as a procurement agent, identifying suppliers of raw materials for medicines2828. President’s Emergency Plan For Aids Relief (PEPFAR). Quadro de Parceria de Apoio À Implementação da Resposta Nacional de Moçambique ao HIV/Sida Entre o Governo da República de Moçambique e o Governo dos Estados Unidos de América. Estratégia Quinquenal 2009-2013. Maputo: PEPFAR; 2009. |
BMGF
− Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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United States private foundation, funds biomedical research in the science and technology of infectious diseases (HIV/Aids, TB and malaria) and others. In Mozambique, funds some programmes, such as Roll Back Malaria and the GFATM3434. Noronha AB. Filantrocapitalismo: o que esse termo representa para a saúde no mundo. Fundação Rockfeller e Fundação Bill e Melinda Gates: a filantropia que define os rumos da saúde internacional/global. Revista Rets 2014; 6(21):8-16.. |
IDA Foundation –
InternationalDispensary Association
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Dutch social enterprise concerned with supplying medicines and medical materials to health organisations worldwide. The most important of these products are the GFATM procurement contract mechanism and support for the Global Drug Facility against TB. Receives funding from the GFATM, UNITAID, World Bank and WHO2626. Innovation for Global Health (UNITAID.) CHAI, UNITAID and DFID Announce Lower Prices for HIV/AIDS of the World Health Organization UNITAID. 2011. [acessado 2015 Jun 10]. Disponível em: https://donttradeourlivesaway.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/clinton-health-access-initiative-unitaid-and-dfid-announce-lower-prices-for-hivaids-medicines-in-developing-countries/
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GLOBAL HEALTH INITIATIVES (GHIs)
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GFATM
– Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria
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PPP − funds HIV/Aids, TB and malariaprevention and treatment activities. Receives 95% donated funds from 54 countries,sourced from Official Development Assistance (ODA), the other 5% comes from the private sector (BMGF)and UNITAID. The GFATM launched and approved two Rounds in Mozambique: Round 2 (US$ 28 million) and Round 6 (US$ 36 million), for prevention, care, support and treatment for people with malaria2323. United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Supply anual Report. Copenaghen: UNICEF; 2016.. The GFATM was a member of PROSAÚDE, but in 2008 began to implement an independent mechanism1818. Global Fund. Escritório da Inspecção Geral (GFATM) Audit of Global Fund Grants to the Republic of Mozambique, Report GF-OIG-11-018, 28 Agosto 2012.. |
MAP
− Multi-Country Africa Program
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World Bankloan mechanism for prevention, treatment, community work and health system strengthening; also offers technical supportand consultancy through multi-sector and multi-agency approaches, setting up partnerships with the private sector and civil society. Implemented a project in Mozambique from 2010 to 2014 to provide medicinesin partnership with UNICEF, UNAIDS and the GFATM4141. Wafula F, Agweyu A, Macintyre K. Procurement Cost Trend for Global Fund Commodities: Analysis of Trends for Selected Commodities 2005-2012. Nairobi: Aidspan Working Paper; 2013.. |
PRIVATE AND TRANSNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICS INDUSTRY
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Novartis
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Swiss pharmaceuticalmultinational under contract to the GFATM as provider of medicines to treatmalaria(Coartem, an Artemisia-based medicine); also supplies to UNICEF (kits donated to Mozambique)3535. World Bank (WB). The Multi-Country AIDS Program. Context and Objectives. Washington: WB; 2011.. |
NATIONAL PRODUCTION OF MEDICINES: BRAZIL-MOZAMBIQUEBILATERAL COOPERATION
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FARMANGUINHOS/Fiocruz
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Technology transfer to install the SociedadeMoçambicana de Medicamentos (SMM), a factory for the production of ARVs and other medicines. Has played an active role in the South-South cooperation project to encourage production of medicines in Mozambique1616. Rodrigues RD. Cooperação internacional da Fiocruz: o caso do projeto de instalação da fábrica de medicamentos em Moçambique [dissertação]. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública; 2014.. |
“Fiocruz ÁFRICA”
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FiocruzRepresentation Office in Africa: arranges, accompanies and evaluates Fiocruz cooperationprogrammes in health on the African continent, offices in Maputo, Mozambique1616. Rodrigues RD. Cooperação internacional da Fiocruz: o caso do projeto de instalação da fábrica de medicamentos em Moçambique [dissertação]. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública; 2014.. |