Attachment styles of People Living with HIV/AIDS

Farias, Odaleia de Oliveira; Alexandre, Herta de Oliveira; Lima, Ivana Cristina Vieira de; Galvão, Marli Teresinha Gimeniz; Hanley-Dafoe, Robyne; Santos, Vanessa da Frota

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020252.11852018

Odaleia de Oliveira Farias

Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará. R. Alexandre Baraúna 1115, Rodolfo Teófilo. 60430-160, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. odafarias@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-1192

Herta de Oliveira Alexandre

Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará. R. Alexandre Baraúna 1115, Rodolfo Teófilo. 60430-160, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. odafarias@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-9978

Ivana Cristina Vieira de Lima

Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2698-9086

Marli Teresinha Gimeniz Galvão

Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará. R. Alexandre Baraúna 1115, Rodolfo Teófilo. 60430-160, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. odafarias@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-9107

Robyne Hanley-Dafoe

Trent University. Peterborough Ontario, Canada.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2377-1575

Vanessa da Frota Santos

Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará. R. Alexandre Baraúna 1115, Rodolfo Teófilo. 60430-160, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. odafarias@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1198-6560

Collaborations

OO Farias, contributed with the conceptualization of the research, idea and formulation of aims. Contributed on the analysis and synthesis of study data. Conduced a research and investigation process, specifically performing data collection. Developed the methodology. Responsible for the research activity planning and execution. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. Preparation of the work for publication. HO Alexandre, contributed with the overarching research goals. Contributed on the analysis and synthesis of study data. Supported research and investigation process during data collection. Contributed to the development of the methodology. Oriented research planning and execution. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. Preparation of the work for publication. ICV Lima, contributed on the analysis and synthesis of study data. Supported research and investigation process, during data collection. Oriented the development of the methodology. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. MTG Galvão, oriented research and investigation process. Oriented the development of the methodology. Oriented research planning and execution. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. Preparation of the work for publication. R Hanley-Dafoe, contributed to the preparation of the work, writing part of the original draft, revising the research for publication. VF Santos, contributed drafting the article, revising it critically and in the approval of the version to be published.

Database	Total of articles	Interest	Duplicated	Fully read	Final sample
Lilacs	6	3	0	3	0
Cochrane	6	4	1	3	3
Scopus	54	19	5	14	7
PubMed	54	13	12	1	0
Scielo	0	0	0	0	0
PsycARTICLES (APA)	100	0	0	0	0
Cinahl	163	1	0	1	0
Total	383	40	18	22	10

Num	Country	Authors/Year	Field/Authours	Journal	Design
1	United States of America	Koopmanet al., 2000¹⁰10 Koopman C, Gore-Felton C, Marouf F, Butler DL, Field N, Gill M, Chen XH, Israelski D, Spiegel D. Relationships of perceived stress to coping, social support attachment and Among HIV-positive persons. AIDS Care 2000; 12(5):663-672.	Medicine/Psychiatric	Aids Care	Quantitative, cross-sectional
2	United States of America	Turner-Cobb et al., 2002¹¹11 Turner-Cobb JM, Gore-Felton C, Marouf F, Koopman C, Kim P, Israelski D, Spiegel D. Coping, Social Support, and Attachment Style the Psychosocial Correlates of Adjustment in Men and Women with HIV/AIDS. J Behav Med 2002; 25(4):337-353.	Psychology	Journal of Behavioral Medicine	Quantitative, cross-sectional
3	United States of America	Ciesla et al., 2004⁷7 Ciesla J, Robert JE, Hewitt RG. Adult Attachment and High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among HIV-Positive Patients. J Appl Soc Psychol 2004; 34(1):108-124.	Psychology	Journal of Applied Social Psychology,	Quantitative, cross-sectional
4	United States of America	Riggs et al., 2007⁸8 Riggs SA, Vosvick M, Stallings S. Attachment style, stigma and psychological distress Among HIV plus adults. J Health Psychol 2007; 12(6):922-936.	Psychology	Journal of Health Psychology	Quantitative, cross-sectional
5	Italy	Ubbiali et al., 2008¹²12 Ubbiali A, Donati D, Chiorri C, Bregani V, Cattaneo E, Maffei C, Visintini R. Prediction of adherence to antiretroviral therapy: Patients can ‘gender play some role? An Italian pilot study. AIDS Care 2008; 20(5):571-575.	Psychology	Aids Care	Quantitative, cross-sectional
6	Netherlands	Hinnen et al., 2012⁹9 Hinnen C, Schreuder I, Jong E, van Duijn M, Dahmen R, van Gorp EC. The contribution of adult attachment and social perceived support to depressive Symptoms in Patients with HIV. AIDS Care 2012; 24(12):1535-1542.	Medicine, psychology	Aids Care	Quantitative, cross-sectional
7	United States of America	Martin et al., 2012¹³13 Martin LA, Vosvick M, Riggs SA. Attachment, forgiveness, and physical health quality of life in HIV adults. AIDS Care 2012; 24(11):1333-1340.	Psychology	Aids Care	Quantitative, cross-sectional
8	United States of America	Davis 2012¹⁴14 Davis KB. Understanding and addressing stigma and attachment insecurity in HIV-positive women who experience intimate partner violence: a model of medical and psycho-social care. Soc Work Health Care2012; 51(3):213-231.	Social work	Social Work Health Care	Case study
9	United States of America	Starks and Parsons, 2014¹⁵15 Starks TJ, Parsons JT. Adult attachment among partnered gay men: patterns and associ-ations with sexual relationship quality. Arch Sex Behav 2014; 43(1):107-117.	Psychology	Arch Sex Behav	Quantitative, cross-sectional
10	United States of America	Gore-Felton et al., 2013⁶6 Gore-Felton C, Ginzburg K, Chartier M, Gardner W, Agnew-Blais J, McGarvey E, Weiss E, Koopman C. Attachment style and coping in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms Among adults living with HIV/AIDS. J Behav Med 2013; 36(1):51-60.	Psychology	Journal of Behavioral Medicine	Quantitative, cross-sectional

Num	Objective	Sex	Results and Conclusions
1	To examine the relationship between coping, attachment style and perception of social support in patients with HIV.	F = 67 M = 80	Score in perceived stress scale was significantly higher among participants who reported less secure attachment style and more anxious.
2	To observe psychological correlations for adaptation to HIV/AIDS.	F = 59 M = 78	The score in the inventory of social support was significantly higher among participants with more secure attachment. A diverse sample of women and men with HIV, social support, attachment and coping accounted for more than a third of the variance in predicting positive states of mind, suggesting that there are more positive state of mind predictors in this population.
3	To investigate the relationship between adult attachment style and sexual behavior in PLWH.	F = 6 M = 42	Insecure and Fearful attachment styles were associated with having multiple sex partners, including partners without HIV. It seems that negative working models of self was associated with both total number of sex partners and number of sex partners put at risk of contracting HIV. This analysis reveals that attachment anxiety predicts risk partners.
4	To explore how adult attachment style can be related to the experience of psychological distress and stigma for HIV.	F = 138 M = 150	There was a predominance of insecure attachments (90%). Heterosexuals were more prone to be Secure or Fearful and less prone to be Preoccupied or Dismissing. Bisexuals were more likely to be Dismissing and less to be Secure or Fearful. Secure adults reported significantly less stress and depression that the three groups of insecure.
5	To identify different psychological profiles related to adherence and non-adherence of subjects.	F = 136 M = 342	The psychological profile of men who did not adhere to antiretroviral therapy seemed less focused on the relational aspects (need for approval and concern for relationships) and perceived relevance of doctors and a "significant other", whereas the non-adherent women seemed more relationship-oriented. These do not seem to avoid relationships, but worry excessively about feedback or possible rejections. This can reduce surveillance on the disease and commitment to therapy.
6	To investigate the relationship between adult attachment style and depressive symptoms in patients with HIV.	F = 24 M = 209	Among the 64 patients who reported high levels of depressive symptoms, 13 (20%) were securely attached and 51 (80%) were insecurely attached (16% preoccupied, 39% dismissing, and 25% fearful).
7	To identify the main effects of attachment style and forgiveness in the quality of life of adults with HIV.	F = 141 M = 147	Anxious attachment was inversely related to quality of life regarding physical health and pain. Forgiveness of others was associated with greater pain and forgiveness of self was associated with improvement in the perception of health. Latino participants reported more avoidant attachment than other cultures. Avoidant attachment was negatively related to forgiveness of self and others, confirming that individuals with avoidant forms of attachment use less forgiveness as a way to cope with problems.
8	To explore the way that women can experience stigma for incorporate negative social views of HIV and domestic violence.	F = 2	Through intervention, women have been able to contain crisis, internalized consistent care professionals and regulated affection. Become more able to invest and explore the world and develop stability through support. Visits them to the clinic were becoming less frequent. They were less involved until an emotional crisis back to activate the attachment system and they needed more contact.
9	To examine the attachment patterns of gay men partners in a community.	M = 344	Men anxious avoidant, as well as those with anxious partners had significantly lower scores in sexual communication compared with insurance. They also reported significantly more casual unprotected anal sex (31.5 times more). Men whose partner was ambivalent and anxious avoidant significantly less likely to report having had at least weekly relationship with their partners than men with partners securely attached.
10	To increase understanding of the factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).	F = 59 M = 35	30% of people had symptoms of PTSD. PTSD symptoms were associated with insecure attachment style, avoidant and insecure. Avoidant attachment and emotional coping to deal with HIV was positively and significantly associated with symptoms of PTSD. Attachment style is related to psychological consequences in adulthood in PLWHA in these less social support was related to more avoidant symptoms. The study shows a significant association between previous trauma and HIV, with a corresponding stress coping response.

Articles	Category
Koopman et al., 2000¹⁰ Turner-Cobb et al., 2002¹¹ Riggs et al., 2007⁸ Hinnenet al., 2012⁹ Gore-Felton et al., 2013⁶	Attachment and adaptation to HIV
Ciesla et al., 2004⁷ Starks and Parsons, 2014¹⁵	Attachment and relationship behavior
Ubbiali et al., 2008¹² Martin et al., 2012¹³	Attachment, quality of life and adherence
Davis 2012¹⁴	Attachment as a changeable trait

[1] Collaborations

OO Farias, contributed with the conceptualization of the research, idea and formulation of aims. Contributed on the analysis and synthesis of study data. Conduced a research and investigation process, specifically performing data collection. Developed the methodology. Responsible for the research activity planning and execution. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. Preparation of the work for publication. HO Alexandre, contributed with the overarching research goals. Contributed on the analysis and synthesis of study data. Supported research and investigation process during data collection. Contributed to the development of the methodology. Oriented research planning and execution. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. Preparation of the work for publication. ICV Lima, contributed on the analysis and synthesis of study data. Supported research and investigation process, during data collection. Oriented the development of the methodology. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. MTG Galvão, oriented research and investigation process. Oriented the development of the methodology. Oriented research planning and execution. Verification of the overall replication of results and other research outputs. Preparation of the work for publication. R Hanley-Dafoe, contributed to the preparation of the work, writing part of the original draft, revising the research for publication. VF Santos, contributed drafting the article, revising it critically and in the approval of the version to be published.

Brasil

Brasil

Attachment styles of People Living with HIV/AIDS

Estilos de Apego de Pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS

Abstract