Food insecurity in rural families in the extreme south of Brazil

Maas, Nathalia Matties; Mendoza-Sassi, Raul Andres; Meucci, Rodrigo Dalke; Cesar, Juraci Almeida

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020257.26402018

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Sumário

ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 25 (7) • July 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020257.26402018 copy

Food insecurity in rural families in the extreme south of Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to track the prevalence of Food Insecurity (FI) and to study associated factors in households with children, women and older adults in the rural area of the city of Rio Grande, RS. This is a cross-sectional population-based study, with systematic sampling of 80% of permanently inhabited households. A short version of the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (EBIA) was employed. The associated factors included data referring to the head of the household, as well as data referring to the household. The levels of prevalence and prevalence ratios and their respective confidence intervals were calculated for food insecurity through Poisson regression with robust variance. Of the 1,627 domiciles interviewed, 26% were in an FI situation, and households that included three populations were higher. The most affected domiciles were those in which the head of the household had less than four years of schooling, with more residents, without animal husbandry, belonging to the lowest income quartile and receiving family grants (“Bolsa Família” Program). This study showed the relevance and magnitude of the FI problem in the rural region of Rio Grande since knowledge about the actual FI prevalence of this region is unknown.

Key words
Food and nutrition security; Prevalence; Rural population; Risk factors

Characteristic	N	%	FI prevalence	P
Head of household				0.0001*
Man	501	30.8	20.6
Woman without a partner	241	14.8	20.3
Woman with a partner	883	54.4	30.7
Self-reported skin color				0.13
White	1,437	88.3	25.4
Black/other	190	11.7	30.5
Age of head of household				0.0001*
18-29	273	16.8	25.6
30-39	319	19.6	29.6
40-59	371	22.3	35.8
60-69	357	21.9	22.1
70 +	307	18.9	15.1
Nº of residents in the household				0.0001*
1	234	14.4	16.7
2	488	30.0	20.4
3	460	28.3	26.9
4	288	17.7	34.0
5 +	157	9.6	39.7
Schooling				0.003*
12 years and over	327	20.2	18.7
4-11 years	800	49.4	27.4
< 4 years	493	30.4	28.7
Animal husbandry				0.02*
No	978	60.1	28.1
Yes	649	39.9	22.9
Food growing and cultivation				0.006*
No	1,135	69.8	28.0
Yes	491	30.2	21.4
Family grant				0.0001*
No	1,451	89.3	23.0
Yes	174	10.7	51.1
Income quartiles				0.0001*
Upper	367	23.8	15.0
3	405	26.2	20.8
2	361	23.4	30.8
Lower	410	26.6	37.6

Characteristic	Crude Analysis		Adjusted Analysis
Characteristic	PR (95%CI)	p	PR (95%CI)	p
Head of household¹1 Brasil. Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006. Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SISAN com vistas em assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2006; 18 set.		0.0001b*		0.20^b b Heterogeneity test. 1 1st level of the hierarchical analysis model. 2 2nd level of the hierarchical analysis model. 3 3rd level of the hierarchical analysis model.
Man	1		1
Woman without a partner	0.99 (0.73; 1.34)		0.94 (0.70; 1.26)
Woman with a partner	1.49 (1.22; 1.82)		1.24 (0.93; 1.48)
Self-reported skin color¹1 Brasil. Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006. Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SISAN com vistas em assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2006; 18 set.		0.1		0.6
White	1		1
Black/other	1.20 (0.95; 1.51)		1.07 (0.85; 1.33)
Age of head of household¹1 Brasil. Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006. Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SISAN com vistas em assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2006; 18 set.		0.0001b*		0.002^b b Heterogeneity test. 1 1st level of the hierarchical analysis model. 2 2nd level of the hierarchical analysis model. 3 3rd level of the hierarchical analysis model. *
18-29	1		1
30-39	1.16 (0.89; 1.50)		1.13 (0.87; 1.99)
40-59	1.40 (1.09; 1.78)		1.28 (0.99; 1.64)
60-69	0.86 (0.65; 1.14)		0.91 (0.65; 1.28)
70 +	0.59 (0.42; 0.82)		0.63 (0.42; 0.95)
Nº of residents in the household¹1 Brasil. Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006. Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SISAN com vistas em assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2006; 18 set.		0.0001a*		0.0001^a a Trend test. *
1	1		1
2	1.22 (0.87; 1.71)		1.05 (0.74; 1.49)
3	1.62 (1.70; 2.23)		1.24 (0.85; 1.80)
4	2.04 (1.47; 2.84)		1.54 (1.04; 2.27)
5 +	2.38 (1.69; 3.34)		1.73 (1.16; 2.57)
Schooling¹1 Brasil. Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006. Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SISAN com vistas em assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2006; 18 set.		0.005b*		0.0001^b b Heterogeneity test. 1 1st level of the hierarchical analysis model. 2 2nd level of the hierarchical analysis model. 3 3rd level of the hierarchical analysis model. *
12 years and over	1		1
4-11 years	1.47(1.14; 1.89)		1.54 (1.20; 1.99)
< 4 years	1.53(1.17; 2.00)		2.14 (1.62; 2.82)
Animal husbandry²2 Hoffmann R. Pobreza, Insegurança Alimentar e desnutrição no Brasil. Estud Av. 1995; 9(24):159-172.		0.02*		0.04^*
No	1		1
Yes	0.81 (0.68; 0.97)		0.83 (0.70; 0.99)
Food growing²2 Hoffmann R. Pobreza, Insegurança Alimentar e desnutrição no Brasil. Estud Av. 1995; 9(24):159-172.		0.007*		0.06
No	1		1
Yes	0.76 (0.63; 0.93)		0.82 (0.68; 1.01)
Family grant program³3 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD 2013. Segurança Alimentar, Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2014.		0.0001*		0.0001^*
No	1		1
Yes	2.22 (1.87; 2.64)		1.52 (1.24; 1.86)
Income quartiles³3 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD 2013. Segurança Alimentar, Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2014.		0.0001a*		0.0001^a a Trend test. *
Upper	1		1
3	1.38 (1.01; 1.88)		1.37 (1.00; 1.87)
2	2.05 (1.54; 2.74)		1.78 (1.33; 2.38)
Lower	2.50 (1.90; 3.29)		2.30 (1.72; 3.07)

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[1] Collaborations

NM Maas worked on the project design, project outline, research, methodology, fieldwork, data analysis and interpretation and writing of the article. RA Mendoza-Sassi worked on the design of the project, analysis and interpretation of data, critical analysis of the content and revision of the version to be published. RD Meucci worked on the project design, methodology, critical content analysis and revision of the version to be published. JA Cesar worked on the project design and critical content analysis.