Assessment of antioxidants status and superoxide dismutase activity in HIV-infected children

Pugliese, Camila; Patin, Rose Vega; Palchetti, Cecilia Zanin; Claudio, Cristiane Chiantelli; Gouvêa, Aída de Fátima Thomé Barbosa; Succi, Regina Célia de Menezes; Amancio, Olga Maria Silverio; Cozzolino, Silvia Maria Franciscato; Oliveira, Fernanda Luisa Ceragioli

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2014.02.003

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Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Original Articles • Braz J Infect Dis 18 (5) • Sept-Oct 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2014.02.003 copy

Assessment of antioxidants status and superoxide dismutase activity in HIV-infected children

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective:

This study aims to assess the nutritional status of selenium, copper and zinc; and also the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity of HIV-infected children compared to a control group.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was carried out with prepubertal HIV-infected children (n = 51) and their healthy siblings (n = 32). All biochemical measurements including plasma selenium, serum copper levels, serum and erythrocyte zinc levels and erythrocyte super-oxide dismutase activity were evaluated according to dietary, clinical and biochemical parameters.

Results:

Compared to the control group, the HIV-infected children had lower z-score values for height-for-age (p = 0.0006), higher prevalence of stunting (11.8%) (p = 0.047), lower selenium levels (p = 0.0006) and higher copper levels (p = 0.019). No difference was found concerning superoxide dismutase activity (p > 0.05). The HIV-infected group presented a higher proportion (45.1%) of children with zinc intakes below the estimated average requirement (p = 0.014); however, no association with zinc biochemical parameters was found.

Conclusion:

HIV-infected children have an inadequate selenium and copper nutritional status, which could influence the progression to AIDS. An adequate micronutrient status could improve the clinical conditions in these patients and minimize free radical production and cellular oxidative stress.

Antioxidants; HIV and nutrition; Oxidative stress; Trace elements

			HIV-infected	Control	p value
Age (years)^a a Median (interquartile range 25–75). ,^b b Mann–Whitney U-test.			8.3 (7.4–9.4)	9.1 (8.4–9.7)	0.0110 ^b b Mann–Whitney U-test.
Male^c c n (%) ,^d d Chi square test.			31 (60.8)	18 (56.2)	0.6830
BMI^c c n (%) (kg/m²)^a a Median (interquartile range 25–75). ,^b b Mann–Whitney U-test.			15.5 (14.7–16.6)	16.2 (14.9–17.6)	0.1536
BMI z-score^b b Mann–Whitney U-test. ,^e e BMI (body mass index). ,^f f WHO (2007).			−0.18 (−0.91 to 0.39)	−0.08 (−0.76 to 0.54)	0.4402
Height for age z-score^b b Mann–Whitney U-test. ,^f f WHO (2007).			−1.05 (−1.55 to −0.23)	−0.24 (−0.80 to 0.72)	0.0006
	Nutritional status ^f f WHO (2007).
		Stunting^f f WHO (2007). ,^g g Fisher's exact test.	6 (11.8)	0 (0)	0.0470
		Eutrophic^f f WHO (2007). ,^g g Fisher's exact test.	45 (88.2)	28 (87.5)	0.4280
		Overweight + obesity^f f WHO (2007).	4 (7.8)	4 (12.5)
		Undernutrition^f f WHO (2007).	2 (3.9)	0 (0)
	Immunological parameters
		Viral load (log₁₀)^a a Median (interquartile range 25–75).	3.483 (0–4.500)	NA
		CD4 (%)^a a Median (interquartile range 25–75).	31.3 (24.9–38.1)
	Antiretroviral therapy
		Age of ART initiation (months)^a a Median (interquartile range 25–75).	21 (11–36)	NA
		Duration of ART (months)^a a Median (interquartile range 25–75).	100.8 (64.9–85.5)	NA

Dietary assessment		HIV-infected	Control	p value
TE^a a TE (total energetic value). (Kcal)^b b Mean (standard deviation). ,^c c Student's t-test.		1892.18 (411.97)	2002.66 (460.13)	0.2591
EER^b b Mean (standard deviation). ,^d d EER (estimated energy requirement).		1593 (172)	1788 (319)
Carbohydrates (g)^b b Mean (standard deviation). ,^c c Student's t-test.		250.44 (61.04)	261.01 (57.70)	0.4356
Proteins (g)^b b Mean (standard deviation). ,^c c Student's t-test.		66.78 (16.65)	69.42 (18.58)	0.5032
Total fats (g)^b b Mean (standard deviation). ,^c c Student's t-test.		69.12 (15.74)	75.63 (21.37)	0.1143
Selenium (μg)^b b Mean (standard deviation). ,^c c Student's t-test.		51.15 (16.16)	49.08 (15.25)	0.5635
	Selenium < EAR^e e EAR (estimated average requirement). ,^f f Altered values < EAR. ,^g g n (%). ,^h h Fisher's exact test.	5 (9.8)	4 (12.5)	0.4823
Zinc (mg)ⁱ i Median (interquartile range 25–75). ,^j j Mann–Whitney U-test.		8.8 (7.4–10.7)	9.0 (7.4–10.7)	0.7013
	Zinc < EAR^e e EAR (estimated average requirement). ,^f f Altered values < EAR. ,^g g n (%). ,^k k Chi square test.	23 (45.1)	6 (18.8)	0.0140
Copper (mg)ⁱ i Median (interquartile range 25–75). ,^j j Mann–Whitney U-test.		0.96 (0.84–1.18)	1.10 (0.84–1.18)	0.3212
	Copper < EAR^e e EAR (estimated average requirement). ,^f f Altered values < EAR. ,^g g n (%). ,^h h Fisher's exact test.	3 (5.9)	2 (6.2)	0.6437

Biochemical parameter		n	HIV group	n	Control group	p value
Plasma selenium (μg/L)^a a Mean (standard deviation). ,^b b Student's t-test.		50	31.45 (8.91)	32	38.80 (9.49)	0.0006
	Low < 2.5 percentile^c c Bates et al.15 ,^d d n (%). ,^e e Fisher's exact test.		48 (96.0)		27.0 (84.4)	0.0780
Erythrocyte zinc (μg/gHb)^a a Mean (standard deviation). ,^f f Mann–Whitney U-test.		51	25.0 (7.9)	32	25.0 (10.14)	0.8223
	Low (<40 μg/gHb)^d d n (%). ,^e e Fisher's exact test. ,^g g Guthrie and Picciano.18		48 (94.12)		30 (93.8)	0.644
Serum zinc (mg/dL)^a a Mean (standard deviation). ,^f f Mann–Whitney U-test.		51	52.3 (26.5)	32	69.4 (42.4)	0.0830
	Low < 65 mg/dL (M) < 60 mg/dL (F)^d d n (%). ,^h h Gibson.17 ,ⁱ i Chi square test.		33 (64.7)		16 (50.0)	0.185
Serum copper (μg/dL)^a a Mean (standard deviation). ,^f f Mann–Whitney U-test.		51	120.83 (48.93)	32	105.78 (37.73)	0.0190
	High > 140 μg/dL (M) > 155 μg/dL (F)^d d n (%). ,^e e Fisher's exact test. ,^h h Gibson.17		16 (31.4)		7 (21.9)	0.9200
SOD activity (U/mg Hb)^f f Mann–Whitney U-test. ,^j j Median (interquartile range 25–75).		51	6.0 (5.3–6.5)	31	6.0 (5.4–6.6)	0.5856
	High (>5.7 U/mg Hb)^d d n (%). ,ⁱ i Chi square test.		30 (58.8)		28 (96.6)	0.8366
CRP (mg/dL)^j j Median (interquartile range 25–75). ,^k		48	0.01 (0.01–0.22)	29	0.05 (0.01–0.07)	0.5022
	Low (<0.8 mg/dL)^a a Mean (standard deviation). ,^e e Fisher's exact test.		7 (14.6)		1 (3.4)	0.1194

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: fernandalco.dped@epm.br, fernandalco@gmail.com(F.L.C. Oliveira).