Re-emergence of human T-lymphotropic viruses in West Africa

Anyanwu, Nneoma Confidence JeanStephanie; Ella, Elijah Ekah; Ohwofasa, Aghogho; Aminu, Maryam

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2018.05.003

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Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Review Article • Braz J Infect Dis 22 (3) • May-Jun 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2018.05.003 copy

Re-emergence of human T-lymphotropic viruses in West Africa

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are Deltaretroviruses that infect millions of individuals worldwide via the same transmission routes as HIV. With the aim of exposing the possible re-emergence of HTLV in West Africa since discovery, a systematic review was carried out, focusing on the distribution of the virus types and significance of frequent indeterminate reports, while highlighting the need for mandatory routine blood screening. Capturing relevant data from discovery till date, sources searched were Google Scholar, CrossRef, NCBI (PubMed), MEDLINE, Research Gate, Mendeley, abstracts of Conferences and Proceedings, organization websites and reference lists of selected papers. A total of 2626 references were initially retrieved using search terms: Worldwide prevalence of HTLV, HTLV in Africa, HTLV in West Africa, HTLV subtypes, HTLV 3 and 4 in Africa, HTLV of African origin, HTLV seroindeterminate results, Spread of HTLV. These references were rigorously trimmed down to 76. Although evidence shows that HTLV is still endemic in the region, West Africa lacks recent epidemiological prevalence data. Thorough investigations are needed to ascertain the true cause of indeterminate Western Blot results. It is imperative that routine screening for HTLVs be mandated in West African health care facilities.

Keywords:
HTLV in West Africa; Worldwide distribution; Epidemiology; HAM/TSP; Seroindeterminate individuals; Blood transfusion; ATLL

Country	Authors	Publication year	Cohort type	Sample number	HTLV-1% prevalence	HTLV-2% prevalence	Total % prevalence
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Ghana	Biggar et al.⁴⁰40 Biggar RJ, Saxinger C, Gardiner C, et al. Type-I HTLV antibody in urban and rural Ghana, West Africa. Int J Cancer. 1984;34:215-9.	1984	AHI	391	3.60	0.00	3.60
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Côte d’Ivoire	Denis et al.⁵³53 Denis F, Verdier M, Chout R, et al. Prevalence of HTLV-1 virus in pregnant women from West Africa, Martinique and migrant population living in France. Bull Acad Nat Med. 1988;172:717-22.	1988	ANC	814	1.84	0.00	1.84
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Liberia	Hunsmann et al.⁵⁵55 Hunsmann G, Bayer H, Shneider J, et al. Antibodies to ATLV/HTLV-I in Africa. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1984;173:167-70.	1984	RP	620	1.60	0.00	1.60

Mali	Denis et al.⁵³53 Denis F, Verdier M, Chout R, et al. Prevalence of HTLV-1 virus in pregnant women from West Africa, Martinique and migrant population living in France. Bull Acad Nat Med. 1988;172:717-22.	1988	ANC	63	0.00	0.00	0.00
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Niger	Denis et al.⁵³53 Denis F, Verdier M, Chout R, et al. Prevalence of HTLV-1 virus in pregnant women from West Africa, Martinique and migrant population living in France. Bull Acad Nat Med. 1988;172:717-22.	1988	ANC	61	1.64	0.00	1.64

Nigeria	Hunsmann et al.⁵⁵55 Hunsmann G, Bayer H, Shneider J, et al. Antibodies to ATLV/HTLV-I in Africa. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1984;173:167-70.	1984	BD	390	2.60	0.00	2.60
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Senegal	Hunsmann et al.⁵⁵55 Hunsmann G, Bayer H, Shneider J, et al. Antibodies to ATLV/HTLV-I in Africa. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1984;173:167-70.	1984	RP	993	1.20	0.00	1.20
	Denis et al.⁵³53 Denis F, Verdier M, Chout R, et al. Prevalence of HTLV-1 virus in pregnant women from West Africa, Martinique and migrant population living in France. Bull Acad Nat Med. 1988;172:717-22.	1988	ANC	281	0.34	0.00	0.34
	Kaplan et al.⁷⁴74 Gessain A, Herve V, Jeannel D, et al. HTLV-1 but not HTLV-2 found in pygmies from Central African Republic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:1373-4.	1994	TB	197	1.50	0.00	1.50
	Diop et al.³⁰30 Diop S, Calattini S, Abah-Dakou J, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 in blood donors from Dakar, Senegal. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1550-4.	2006	BD	4900	0.14	0.02	0.16

The Gambia	Pepin et al.⁶⁸68 Pepin J, Dunn D, Gaye I, et al. HIV-2 infection among prostitutes working in The Gambia: association with serological evidence of genital ulcer diseases and with generalized lymphadenopathy. Aids. 1991;5:69-75.	1991	CSW	355	10.40	0.00	10.40
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Togo	Denis et al.⁵³53 Denis F, Verdier M, Chout R, et al. Prevalence of HTLV-1 virus in pregnant women from West Africa, Martinique and migrant population living in France. Bull Acad Nat Med. 1988;172:717-22.	1988	ANC	565	1.40	0.00	1.40
	Balogou et al.⁷⁵75 Jeannel D, Kourouma K, Fretz C, et al. Regional differences in human retroviral infections HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I/II in rural Guinea (West Africa). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1995;8:315-8.	2000	AHI	1717	1.20	0.00	1.20
	Balogou et al.⁷⁵75 Jeannel D, Kourouma K, Fretz C, et al. Regional differences in human retroviral infections HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I/II in rural Guinea (West Africa). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1995;8:315-8.	2000	NP	828	1.80	0.00	1.80
	Balogou et al.⁷⁵75 Jeannel D, Kourouma K, Fretz C, et al. Regional differences in human retroviral infections HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I/II in rural Guinea (West Africa). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1995;8:315-8.	2000	NNP	244	1.60	0.00	1.60

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail address: anyanwunneomaconfidence@gmail.com (N.C. Anyanwu).