COASTAL-MARINE EXTRACTIVE RESERVES: REFLECTIONS ON THE PRE-IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

This article reflects on the process of institutionalization of Extractive Reserves, more specifically those located in a coastal-marine environment, in light of the concept of community-based co-management. The analysis focuses on the pre-implementation stage of Marine Extractive Reserves, especially two Extractive Reserves on the Santa Catarina coast yet to be decreed. The study demonstrates that the formal prescriptions regulating Resex creation processes designed to ensure mechanisms of social participation and the protagonist role of the traditional populations fail to achieve that end. The hierarchical relationship between nature conservation interests and the rights of traditional populations, favoring the former, permeates this stage of construction and so the artisanal fishermen are not the subjects of the process.

Keywords:
extractive reserves; artisanal fishing; community-based co-management; socio-environmental conflict

Authorship

MELISSA VIVACQUA

. Ph.D. in Political Sociology from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, teacher at the Instituto do Mar of the Federal University of São Paulo (IMAR/UNIFESP). E-mail: melviva@hotmail.comFederal University of São PauloBrazilBrazil. Ph.D. in Political Sociology from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, teacher at the Instituto do Mar of the Federal University of São Paulo (IMAR/UNIFESP). E-mail: melviva@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (2)

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Figure 01:
Limits of the Right Whale Environmental Protected Area and the proposed Extractive Reserves. Northern and southern limits of the Imbituba and Garopaba Artisanal Fishing Resex in yellow and northern and southern limits of the Cabo de Santa Marta Resex in green. Source: Adapted from Gerhardinger (2014)

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Chart 01:
Successive steps in the creation of the Cabo de Santa Marta Resex

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Chart 02:
Successive steps in the creation of the Imbituba and Garopaba Artisanal Fishing Resex

Figure 01: Limits of the Right Whale Environmental Protected Area and the proposed Extractive Reserves. Northern and southern limits of the Imbituba and Garopaba Artisanal Fishing Resex in yellow and northern and southern limits of the Cabo de Santa Marta Resex in green. Source: Adapted from Gerhardinger (2014)

Chart 01: Successive steps in the creation of the Cabo de Santa Marta Resex

i) formal request: made in 2002 by the environmentalist NGO Rasgamar and the Farol de Santa Marta Fishermen’s Association (Associação de Pescadores do Farol de Santa Marta - APAFA). Petition signed by 227 local residents and fishermen and support from the Laguna Z-14 Fishermen’s Union (Colônia de Pescadores de Laguna Z-14).
ii) technical inspection by the ICMBio: prerequisites confirmed.
iii) social mobilization and technical studies (socio-environmental and tenure aspects): the NGO Rasgamar conducted the mobilization. Around 30 visits to the area were made involving informal, community and technical meetings and the distribution of posters and folders.
The technical studies were carried out by Socioambiental Consultores Associados LTDA, a consultant company which held a Participative Rapid Diagnosis workshop. Although it revealed important problems and conflicts associated to fishing activities it failed to reveal inter- and intra-group conflicts present in the Resex creation process.
iv) Public consultation: undertaken on June 6, 2005. On that occasion, the conflicts and controversies were aired in public.
v) creation decree: non-existent.
Main conflict: the lake fishermen wanted the lakes to remain outside of the Resex boundaries.
Positions taken by the groups involved:
- in favor of the Resex: sea fishermen of the Farol de Santa Marta community; the Rasgamar NGO; the Laguna Z-14 Fishermen’s Union; the Laguna Municipal Authority.
- against the Resex: the lake fishermen (Camacho, Santa Marta, Cigana and Garopaba do Sul communities); the Catholic Church social mission to Fishermen (Pastoral dos Pescadores); the Pescadores da Ilha Fishermen’s Union (União dos Pescadores da ilha - UAPI); the Barra do Camacho Fishermen’s Association (Associação dos Pescadores da Barra do Camacho - APEBARCA); the Jaguaruna Fishermen’s Union Z-21 (Colônia de Pescadores de Jaguaruna Z-21).

Source: own author

Chart 02: Successive steps in the creation of the Imbituba and Garopaba Artisanal Fishing Resex

i) formal request: made in 2005 by the Lagoa de Ibiraquera local Agenda 21 Forum.
ii) technical inspection by the ICMBio confirming the presence of an organized and ecologically important traditional population in the area;
iii) social mobilization and socio-environmental and land tenure studies: the Resex Working Group of the Lagoa de Ibiraquera Local Agenda 21 Forum coordinated the social mobilization activities. ICMBio technical staff carried out biological studies and two Ministry of the Environment consultants were responsible for the socio-environmental and tenure studies.
The main space in which discussions concerning the creation of the Resex took place was the Resex Working Group. However, the local municipal authority and the Imbituba and Garopaba Fishermen’s Unions absented themselves from the process. 53 open meetings were held altogether.
iv) public consultations: held on December 19 and 20 in 2007. The majority group adopted a stance against the Resex exhibiting the slogan ‘Nature..Yes! Resex… No!’. The group argued that the Resex would hamper the municipalities’ economic development.
v) Creation decree: non-existent.
Main source of conflict: the inclusion of marine areas within the Resex boundaries.
Positions taken by the main groups involved:
- in favor of the Resex: Agenda 21 Forum; Resex Working Group (Fishermen’s Association of the Ibiraquera community, the Right Whale Environmental Protected Area, the Ibiraquera Community Center, the Gaia Foundation)
- against the Resex: artisanal fishermen, especially the supporters of the fishermen’s unions, local businessmen and the state government.

Source: own author.

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ANPPAS - Revista Ambiente e Sociedade Anppas / Revista Ambiente e Sociedade - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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