Genetics and genetic resources. Population, Conservation and Ecological Genetics, In Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. |
Adaptation |
Mátyás (2004MÁTYÁS, C. (2004). GENETICS AND GENETIC RESOURCES. Population, Conservation and Ecological Genetics, Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, p. 188-197, 2004.). |
Genetic diversity determines the adaptation and microevolution rates within a given population. |
The Role of Forest Genetic Resources in Helping British Forests Respond to Climate Change. |
Climate change |
Hubert and Cottrell (2007). |
Strategies focused on helping forests to adapt to effects of climate change. |
Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests |
Anthropogenic fragmentation |
Laurance et al. (2009LAURANCE, W. F.; GOOSEM, M.; SUSAN G.W. LAURANCE, S. G. W. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 24, n. 12, p. 659-669, 2009. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009>. Access on: May 02nd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06...
). |
Fragmentation of forest areas opens clearings in forests, hinders animals’ moves and the development of plant propagules, and leads some species to extinction since isolation can reduce genetic variability in populations. |
Vulnerability and Resilience of Tropical Forest Species to Land-Use Change. |
Global warming |
Stork et al. (2009STORK, N. E.; CODDINGTON, J. A.; COLWELL, R. K.; CHAZDON, R. L.; DICK, C. W.; PERES, C. R.; SLOAN, S.; WILLIS, K. Vulnerability and Resilience of Tropical Forest Species to Land-Use Change. Conservation Biology, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1438-1447, 2009. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01335.x>. Access on: August 01st, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.20...
). |
Temperature fluctuations lead to changes in plant ecosystems such as extinction, endemics, adaptive and phenological changes. |
Effects of forest disturbance and habitat loss on avian communities in a Neotropical biodiversity hotspot. |
Anthropogenic fragmentation |
Durães et al. (2013DURÃES, R.; CARRASCO, L.; SMITH, T. B.; KARUBIAN, J. Effects of forest disturbance and habitat loss on avian communities in a Neotropical biodiversity hotspot. Biological Conservation, v. 166, p. 203-211, 2013. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.007>. Access on: March 25th, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013....
). |
The greater the disturbance, the greater the fragmentation and the biodiversity loss. |
High Genetic Diversity in a Potentially Vulnerable Tropical Tree Species Despite Extreme Habitat Loss. |
Genetic erosion |
Noreen and Webb (2013NOREEN, A. M. E.; WEBB, E. L. High Genetic Diversity in a Potentially Vulnerable Tropical Tree Species Despite Extreme Habitat Loss. Koompassia Genetic Diversity, v. 8, n.12, p.1-10, 2013. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082632>. Access on: March 22nd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
). |
Reduced population size leads to loss of rare alleles, lower genetic diversity and, consequently, to smaller genetic variation in selection processes. |
Do species conservation assessments capture genetic diversity? Global Ecology and Conservation. |
Deforestation |
Rivers et al. (2014RIVERS, M. C.; BRUMMITT, N. A.; LUGHADHA, E. N.; MEAGHER, T. R. Do species conservation assessments capture genetic diversity? Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 2, p. 81-87, 2014. Available at: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989414000183>. Access on: February 02nd, 2016. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). |
Habitat destruction is one of the main threats to biodiversity. |
Tree community dynamics in a sub-montane forest in Southeastern Brazil: growth, recruitment, mortality and changes in species composition over a seven-year period |
Anthropogenic fragmentation |
Pessoa and Araújo (2014PESSOA, S. V. A.; ARAUJO, D. S. D. Tree community dynamics in a submontane forest in southeastern Brazil: growth, recruitment, mortality and changes in species composition over a seven-year period. Acta Botanica Brasilica. v. 28, n. 2, p. 190-197, 2014. Available at: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abb/v28n2/a06v28n2.pdf>. Access on: June 02nd, 2017. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abb/v28n2/a06v2...
). |
Changes in forest environments, such as anthropogenic disturbances and fragmentations, can influence variations and dynamics. |
Spatiotemporal patterns of tropical deforestation and forest degradation in response to the operation of the Tucuruí hydroelectric dam in the Amazon basin.
|
Deforestation |
Chen et al. (2015CHEN, G.; POWERS, R. P.; CARVALHO, L. M. T.; MORA, B. Spatiotemporal patterns of tropical deforestation and forest degradation in response to the operation of the Tucuruí hydroelectric dam in the Amazon basin. Applied Geography, v. 63, p.1-8, 2015. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.06.001>. Access on: January 23rd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015....
). |
Environmental degradation leads to net loss of carbon stocks or to reduced forest density. |
On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene |
Global warming |
Allen et al. (2015ALLEN, C. D.; BRESHEARS, D. D.; MCDOWELL, N. G. On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere, v. 6, n. 8, p. 1-55, 2015. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1>. Access on: May 10th, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1...
). |
Tree mortality in associated forests due to drought followed by high temperatures. |
Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. |
Lack of resilience |
Steffen et al. (2015STEFFEN, W. et al. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, v. 347, p. 1-17, 2015. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855>. Access on: August 01st, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.125985...
). |
Human activities have been affecting the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems to the point to threaten their resilience and survival. |
How can we save forest biodiversity? |
Deforestation |
Gross (2016GROSS, M. How can we save forest biodiversity? Current Biology, v. 26, p. 1167-1176, 2016. Available at: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216313343>. Access on: July 24th, 2016. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). |
Global environmental issues threaten wildlife and biodiversity, and their relevance to environmental services. |
Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species |
Global warming |
Wiens (2016WIENS, J. J. Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species. PLOS Biology, v. 14, n. 12, p. 1-18, 2016.). |
Anthropogenic climate changes will be one of the main causes of biodiversity loss on the planet in the next 100 years. |
Carbon sequestration and biodiversity following 18 years of active tropical forest restoration |
Anthropogenic actions: restoration |
Wheeler et al. (2016WHEELER, C. E.; OMEJA, P. A.; CHAPMAN, C. A.; GLIPIN, M.; TUMWESIGYE, C.; LEWIS, S. L. Carbon sequestration and biodiversity following 18 years of active tropical forest restoration. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 373, p. 44-55, 2016. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.04.025>. Access on: April 04th, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016....
). |
Results have shown that forest restoration is beneficial to plant diversity, however, tree and seedling richness remains higher in natural forests. |
Global climate change impacts on forests and markets. |
Anthropogenic actions: economic and trade |
Sohngen and Tian (2016SOHNGEN, B.; TIAN, X. Global climate change impacts on forests and markets. Forest Policy and Economics, v. 72, p. 18-26, 2016. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.06.011>. Access on: April 04th, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016....
). |
Available timber derives from forest plantations; regions investing in forestry can benefit from climate change. |