Solid waste indicators in local sustainability assessment: a literature review

Cetrulo, Natália Molina; Cetrulo, Tiago Balieiro; Dias, Sylmara Lopes Francelino Gonçalves; Ramos, Tomás Barros

doi:10.1590/1809-4422asoc20190028r3vu2020L5AO

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original Article • Ambient. soc. 23 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20190028r3vu2020L5AO copy

Solid waste indicators in local sustainability assessment: a literature review

Indicadores de residuos sólidos en sistemas locales de evaluación de sostenibilidad: una revisión de la literatura.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The Solid Waste (SW) topic within the local sustainability assessment (LSA) system context remains little explored. This article is a literature review on this topic, with emphasis on the analysis of SW indicators and of systems they concern to. It assessed whether these indicators can represent SW complexity and sustainability aspects. Results in the present review have evidenced that 77.8% of system indicators use at most two SW indicators. Most of these indicators aim at indicating destination stages and the final SW management, environmental sustainability aspects and intermediate magnitude levels in SW management hierarchy. There was evidence of the positive impact of Public participation on the assessed matters. Final considerations present recommendations about SW indicators inclusion in LSA systems.

Keywords:
Sustainability indicators; Local Sustainability assessment; Public participation; Waste management hierarchy

Classification of solid wastes	Activity and location where the waste is generated	Waste types	Authors
Domestic waste	Residences	Food leftovers, textile, newspapers, packages (paper, card paper, plastic, wood, glass, cans, among others), toilet paper, diapers; gardening, electronic, furniture, tire and oil waste.	Tchobanoglous; Kreith (2002TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F.; WILLIAMS, M.E. Introduction. In: TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F. Handbook of solid waste management. 2 ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002.); Pitchel (2005); Rhyner et al. (1995RHYNER, C.R. et al. Management and Resource Recovery. Lewis Publishers: New York (1995)); Williams (2005WILLIAMS, P.T. Waste Treatment and Disposal. 2 ed. John Wiley and Sons, 2005.); Schalch et al. (2002).
Commercial establishments and service provider waste	Shops, restaurants, offices, bars, supermarket, hotels
Institutional waste	Schools, prisons, hospitals (except for healthcare services)
Urban cleaning service waste	Public roads, beaches and veterinary cleaning, cleaning of galleries, brooks, terrains, landscaping, among others	Special residues, street sweeping, tree pruning leftovers, construction, and demolition leftovers, abandoned cars, animal carcasses, among others.	Tchobanoglous; Kreith; Williams (2002TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F.; WILLIAMS, M.E. Introduction. In: TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F. Handbook of solid waste management. 2 ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002.); Pitchel (2005); Williams (2005); Schalch et al. (2002).
Healthcare services waste	Hospitals, medical and veterinary clinics, clinical analysis laboratories, drugstores, healthcare units, dentistry offices and other establishments	Blood, body fluids, body parts or organs of humans and animals, cotton, syringes, blades, handling materials, among others.	Pitchel (2005); Schalch et al. (2002)
Construction and demolition residues	Construction sites, road repair sites, building demolition	Demolition materials, construction site debris, renovation sites, wood, steel, concrete, rocks, dust, soil composites, among others.	Tchobanoglous; Kreith; Williams (2002TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F.; WILLIAMS, M.E. Introduction. In: TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F. Handbook of solid waste management. 2 ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002.); Pitchel (2005); Williams (2005); Schalch et al. (2002).
Transportation service	Harbors, airports and train and bus stations	Hygiene materials and food leftovers, which can bring diseases from other cities, states, and countries.	Pitchel (2005); Schalch et al. (2002).
Industrial Waste	Contractor companies, light and heavy machinery companies, refineries, chemical companies, demolition companies, among others.	Scarp, combustion ash, foundry sand, oils, silt, plastics, paper, wood, fibers, food waste, tires, construction and demolition waste, special waste, and hazardous waste	Tchobanoglous; Kreith; Williams (2002TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F.; WILLIAMS, M.E. Introduction. In: TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F. Handbook of solid waste management. 2 ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002.); Pitchel (2005); Rhyner et al. (1995RHYNER, C.R. et al. Management and Resource Recovery. Lewis Publishers: New York (1995)); Williams (2005).
Agricultural waste	Fields and harvest areas, orchards, vineyards, dairy production, farms	Food leftovers, biomass, and packages	Tchobanoglous; Kreith; Williams (2002TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F.; WILLIAMS, M.E. Introduction. In: TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; KREITH, F. Handbook of solid waste management. 2 ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002.); Pitchel (2005); Rhyner et al. (1995RHYNER, C.R. et al. Management and Resource Recovery. Lewis Publishers: New York (1995)); Williams (2005).
Mining waste	Mining companies	Soils, rocks, and leftovers generated through mineral and iron processing	Pitchel (2005); Rhyner et al. (1995RHYNER, C.R. et al. Management and Resource Recovery. Lewis Publishers: New York (1995)); Williams (2005WILLIAMS, P.T. Waste Treatment and Disposal. 2 ed. John Wiley and Sons, 2005.); Bagchi (2004BAGCH, A. Design of Landfills and Integrated Solid Waste Management. Wiley, 2004.).
Dangerous universal wastes	Small and large companies, residences	Nickel-cadmium and lead acid batteries (found in electronic devices, mobiles, and notebooks)	Pitchel (2005).
Nuclear process wastes	Nuclear Power Plants, nuclear waste reprocessing facilities, nuke facilities, research, and medical procedures	Byproducts of nuclear fusion processes or nuclear combustion processing presenting Uranium and Plutonium	Pitchel (2005).

Journal	Number of Studies
Ecological indicators	7
Sustainability	4
Cities	2
Environmental Impact Assessment Review	2
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management	2
Tourism Management	2
Journal of Environmental Management	2
Australian Journal of Social Issues	1
Building and Environment	1
Environment, Development and Sustainability	1
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy	1
European Planning Studies	1
Habitat International	1
Int. J. Sustainable Society	1
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology	1
International review for spatial planning and sustainable development	1
Journal of Cleaner Production	1
Local Environment	1
Progress in Planning	1
Rev. Ambient. Água	1
Sustainability Science	1
URBE - Brazilian Journal of Urban Management	1
Total	36

Source	Region	IS organization^a	Number of indicators	Number of SW indicators	Process to construct the IS
Kelly and Moles (2002KELLY, R.; MOLES, R. The Development of Local Agenda 21 in the Mid-west Region of Ireland: A Case Study in Interactive Research and Indicator Development. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v.45, n. 6, p. 889-912, 2002.)	Ireland cities	Environmental; Social; Economic	25	2	Participatory
Yuan et al. (2003YUAN, W. et al. Development of sustainability indicators by communities in China: a case study of Chongming County, Shanghai. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 68, n. 3, p. 253-261, 2003.)	City (Shanghai, China)	Without categorization structure	17	1	Participatory
Fehr et al. (2004FEHR, M. et al. Proposal of indicators to assess urban Sustainability in Brazil. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 6, p. 355-366, 2004.)	Cities (Brazil)	Demographic density and Evolution; Public transportation; Solid waste handling; Liquid effluent handling; Air monitoring; Fresh water supply; Public education; Public health care; Cultural manifestations; Energy supply; Park maintenance; Land use and resource preservation	68	6	Not explicit
McAlpine and Birnie (2005)	Island of Guernsey	Without categorization structure	55	3	Participatory
Choi and Sirakaya (2006CHOI, H. S. C.; SIRAKAYA, E. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, v.27, n. 6, p. 1274-1289, 2006.)	Community	Social; Economic; Ecological; Political; Technological; Cultural	125	3	Non-participatory
Fraser et al. (2006FRASER, E. D. G. et al. Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, v.78, n. 2, p. 114-127, 2006.)	Island of Guernsey	Without categorization structure	17	3	Participatory
Lee and Huang (2007LEE, Y. J.; HUANG, C. M. Sustainability index for Taipei. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, v. 27, p. 505-521, 2007.)	Taipei City (Taiwan)	Environmental; Social; Economic; Institutional	51	3	Non-participatory
Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.)	Lebanon municipalities	Population and socio-economic indicators; Economic indicators; Environment indicators; Sustainable development activities and policies indicators	110	6	Participatory
Mickwitz and Melanen (2009MICKWITZ, P.; MELANEN, M. The role of co-operation between academia and policymakers for the development and use of sustainability indicators - a case from the Finnish Kymenlaakso Region. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 17, n.12, p. 1086-1100, 2009.)	Kymenlaakso Region (Finland)	Without categorization structure	50	2	Participatory
Spilanis et al. (2009SPILANIS, I. Monitoring sustainability in insular areas. Ecological Indicators, v.9, p.179-187, 2009.)	Islands of Paros and Kos (Greece)	Environmental; Social; Economic.	39	1	Non-participatory
Castellani and Sala (2010CASTELLANI, V.; SALA, S. 2010. Sustainable performance index for tourism policy development. Tourism Management, v.31, n.6, p. 871-880, 2010.)	Community	Population; Housing; Services; Economy and labour; Environment; Tourism	20	1	Participatory
Chávez-Cortés and Maya (2010)	Community	Environmental; Social; Economic; Institutional	34	2	Participatory
Cox et al. (2010COX, D. et al. Developing and using local community wellbeing indicators: Learning from the experience of Community Indicators Victoria. Australian Journal of Social Issues, v. 45, n.1, p. 71-88, 2010.)	Community (Victoria, Australia)	Healthy, safe and inclusive communities; Dynamic, resilient local economies; Sustainable built and natural environments; Culturally rich and vibrant communities; Democratic and engaged communities	90	2	Participatory
Mascarenhas et al. (2010MASCARENHAS, A. et al. 2010. The role of common local indicators in regional sustainability assessment. Ecological Indicators, v.10, n.3, p. 646-656, 2010.)	Algarve (Portugal)	Without categorization structure	20	2	Participatory
Tanguay et al. (2010TANGUAY, G. A. et al. Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators, v. 10, n. 2, p. 407-418, 2010.)	Cities (US, Canada, and Europe)	Environmental; Social; Economic; Livable; Equitable; Viable; Sustainable.	29	2	Non-participatory
Tolón-Becerra, Lastra-Bravo and Galdeano-Gómez (2010)	Community (Andalusia- Spanish)	Labor means; Demography; Local economy; Tourism, Energy and Transport; Agriculture and Livestock; Natural resources; social resources	228	2	Not explicit
Yigitcanlar and Dur (2010YIGITCANLAR, T.; DUR, F. Developing a Sustainability Assessment Model: The Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-Use, Environment and Transport Model. Sustainability, v.2, p. 321-340, 2010.)	City (Gold Coast, Australia)	Environmet; Demography; Land use and urban form; Transport	29	1	Non-participatory
Choon et al. (2011CHOON, S. W. et al. 2011. A sustainable city index for Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, v.18, p. 28-35, 2011.)	Cities (Malaysia)	Environmental well-being; Human well-being	30	5	Non-participatory
Shen et al. (2011SHEN, L. Y. et al. The application of urban sustainability indicators - A comparison between various practices. Habitat International, v.35, n.1, p. 17-29, 2011.)	Cities (Asia, Europe, and North America)	Environmental; Social; Economic; Governance	37	1	Non-participatory
Turcu (2012TURCU, C. Local experiences of urban sustainability: Researching Housing Market Renewal interventions in three English neighborhoods. Progress in Planning, v. 78, p. 101-150, 2012.)	Community (English neighbourhoods)	Environmental sustainability; Social sustainability; Economic sustainability; Institutional sustainability	26	1	Participatory
Xu and Coors (2012XU, Z.; COORS, V. 2012. Combining system dynamics model, GIS and 3D visualization in sustainability assessment of urban residential development. Building and Environment, v. 47, p. 272-287, 2012.)	Community (Germany)	Environment; Housing; Economics; Society	24	1	Non-participatory
Castellani and Sala (2013)	Cities (Italy)	Ar and climate; Water; Land use; Agriculture; Biodiversity and landscape; Waste; Energy	21	2	Non-participatory
Tourneau et al. (2013TOURNEAU, F. M.; et al. Assessing the impacts of sustainable development projects in the Amazon: the DURAMAZ experiment. Sustain Sci, v. 8, p. 199-212, 2013.)	Community (Brazil)	Life conditions; Environmental conditions; Present needs and future perspective; Governance	44	1	Participatory
Turcu (2013TURCU, C. 2013. Re-thinking sustainability indicators: local perspectives of urban sustainability. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v.56, n.5, p. 695-719, 2013.)	Community (United Kingdom)	Environmental sustainability; Social sustainability; Economic sustainability; Institutional sustainability	24	1	Participatory
Canavese, Ortega and Queirós (2014)	Algarve (Portugal)	Demography; Health; Water utilization and quality; Waste production and treatment; Air pollution; Financing	13	2	Non-participatory
Graymore (2014GRAYMORE, M. L. M. Sustainability Reporting: An Approach to Get the Right Mix of Theory and Practicality for Local Actors. Sustainability, v.6, n.6, p. 3145-3170, 2014.)	Community (Victoria, Australia)	Environmental well-being; Human well-being	41	2	Participatory
Mascarenhas, Nunes and Ramos (2014)	Algarve (Portugal)	Without categorization structure	14	1	Participatory
Moreno Pires, Fidélis and Ramos (2014)	Cities (Cascais and Oeiras, Portugal)	Sustainable Development Education; Marine and Coastal Environment Institutions; Nature Conservation and Biodiversity; Nature Conservation, Forest Planning; Air; Water; Waste; Energy; Transport; Noise; Agriculture; Tourism	21	1	Participatory
Braulio-Gonzalo, Bovea and Ruá (2015)	City (Spain)	Site and soil; Urban morphology; Mobility and transport; Nature and biodiversity; Building and housing; Energy; Water Materials; Waste; Pollution; Social aspect; Economic aspect; Management and institution; Innovation	63	2	Non-participatory
Egilmez, Gumus and Kucukvar (2015EGILMEZ, G.; GUMUS, S.; KUCUKVAR, M. 2015. Environmental sustainability benchmarking of the U.S. and Canada metropoles: An expert judgment-based multi-criteria decision-making approach. Cities, v. 42, p. 31-41, 2015.)	Cities (US and Canada)	Air; Energy use; Buildings; Water; Waste; Land use; Transport	16	1	Non-participatory
Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Cities (Brazil)	Eco-energetic rationality; Urban metabolism; Purity; Citizenship; Efficiency; Equity; Patrimony	172	15	Non-participatory
Robati, Monavari and Majedi (2015ROBATI, M.; MONAVARI, S. M.; MAJEDI, H. 2015.Urban Environment Quality Assessment by Using Composite Index Model. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, v. 34, n.5, p. 1473-1480, 2015.)	City (Iran)	Physical; Socioeconomic; Cultural	16	2	Non-participatory
Sui-Qui and Leng (2015)	City (Mexico)	Environment; Socio-economic Environment; Urban development; Tourism	50	6	Participatory
King (2016KING, L. K. Functional sustainability indicators. Ecological Indicators, v.66, p.121-131, 2016.)	City (US)	Economic; Environmental; Social	25	1	Non-participatory
Manitiu and Pedrini (2016MANITIU, D. N.; PEDRINI, G. Urban smartness and sustainability in Europe. An ex ante assessment of environmental, social and cultural domains. European Planning Studies, 2016.)	Cities (Europe)	Environmental dimension; Social; Cultural	61	2	Non-participatory
Pereira and Vieira (2016PEREIRA, F. S.; VIEIRA, I. C.G. Expansão urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belém sob a ótica de um sistema de índices de sustentabilidade. Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science, v. 11, n.3, p. 731- 744, 2016.)	City (Brazil)	Without categorization structure	11	1	Non-participatory

Indicator	Source	State in the SWM process	Level in the SWM hierarchy	Sustainability dimensions
Household waste generation⁸	Tolón-Becerra, Lastra-Bravo and Galdeano-Gómez (2010); Cox et al. (2010COX, D. et al. Developing and using local community wellbeing indicators: Learning from the experience of Community Indicators Victoria. Australian Journal of Social Issues, v. 45, n.1, p. 71-88, 2010.); Yigitcanlar and Dur (2010YIGITCANLAR, T.; DUR, F. Developing a Sustainability Assessment Model: The Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-Use, Environment and Transport Model. Sustainability, v.2, p. 321-340, 2010.); Robati, Monavari and Majedi (2015ROBATI, M.; MONAVARI, S. M.; MAJEDI, H. 2015.Urban Environment Quality Assessment by Using Composite Index Model. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, v. 34, n.5, p. 1473-1480, 2015.); King (2016KING, L. K. Functional sustainability indicators. Ecological Indicators, v.66, p.121-131, 2016.); Shen et al. (2011SHEN, L. Y. et al. The application of urban sustainability indicators - A comparison between various practices. Habitat International, v.35, n.1, p. 17-29, 2011.); Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.); Sui-Qui and Leng (2015); Lee and Huang (2007LEE, Y. J.; HUANG, C. M. Sustainability index for Taipei. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, v. 27, p. 505-521, 2007.); Castellani and Sala (2013); Mcalpine and Birnie (2005MCALPINE, P.; BIRNIE, A. Is there a correct way of establishing sustainability indicators? The case of sustainability indicator development on the Island of Guernsey. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, v.10, n.3, p. 243-257, 2005.); Fraser et al. (2006FRASER, E. D. G. et al. Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, v.78, n. 2, p. 114-127, 2006.); Xu and Coors (2012XU, Z.; COORS, V. 2012. Combining system dynamics model, GIS and 3D visualization in sustainability assessment of urban residential development. Building and Environment, v. 47, p. 272-287, 2012.); Chávez-Cortés and Maya (2010); Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Generation	High priority	Environmental, Social, and Economic
Production of Municipal solid waste by type of waste	Mascarenhas et al. (2010MASCARENHAS, A. et al. 2010. The role of common local indicators in regional sustainability assessment. Ecological Indicators, v.10, n.3, p. 646-656, 2010.)	Generation	High priority	Environmental, Social, and Economic
Construction and demolition waste per capita	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Generation	High priority	Environmental and Economic
Waste per capita collected by drop-off stations	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Generation	High priority	Environmental, Social, and Economic
Amount of pruning waste per capita	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Generation	High priority	Environmental
Composition of municipal waste	Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.)	Generation	High priority	Environmental and Social
Hazardous waste	Sui-Qui and Leng (2015); Kelly and Moles (2002KELLY, R.; MOLES, R. The Development of Local Agenda 21 in the Mid-west Region of Ireland: A Case Study in Interactive Research and Indicator Development. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v.45, n. 6, p. 889-912, 2002.)	Generation (Hazardous)	High priority	Environmental
Generation of hospital waste³	Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.); Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Generation (Hazardous)	High priority	Environmental
Collected solid waste per inhabitant and year⁹	Manitiu and Pedrini (2016MANITIU, D. N.; PEDRINI, G. Urban smartness and sustainability in Europe. An ex ante assessment of environmental, social and cultural domains. European Planning Studies, 2016.); Choon et al. (2013)	Generation and collection	High priority	Environmental and Social
Production and Selective Collection of Municipal Waste and Recovery of Municipal Waste	Moreno Pires, Fidélis, and Ramos (2014)	Generation, collection, and destination	Medium and high priority	Environmental, Social, and Economic
Coverage of garbage collection¹	Pereira and Vieira (2016PEREIRA, F. S.; VIEIRA, I. C.G. Expansão urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belém sob a ótica de um sistema de índices de sustentabilidade. Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science, v. 11, n.3, p. 731- 744, 2016.); Canavese, Ortega and Queirós (2014); Choon et al. (2013)	Collection	Low priority	Environmental and Social
Efficient collection system²	Sui-Qui and Leng (2015); Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Collection	Low priority	Economic
% of separate waste collection/target	Castellani and Sala (2013)	Collection	*	*
Type of collection	Fehr et al. (2014)	Collection	*	*
Proportion of households with proper disposal	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Collection	Low priority	Environmental and Social
Distance from housing to selective garbage containers	Braulio-Gonzalo et al. (2015)	Collection	Medium priority	Social
Frequency of collection	Fehr et al. (2014)	Collection	Low priority	Environmental and Social
Selective waste collection⁴	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.); Castellani and Sala (2010CASTELLANI, V.; SALA, S. 2010. Sustainable performance index for tourism policy development. Tourism Management, v.31, n.6, p. 871-880, 2010.); Canavese, Ortega and Queirós (2014)	Collection	Medium priority	Environmental and Social
Number and % of households experiencing problems in disposing of household wastes	Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.)	Collection	Low priority	Environmental and Social
Rubbish collection and recycling centre ratio per 10,000 population	Choon et al. (2013)	Collection and destination	Medium and low priority	Environmental, Social and Economic
Waste treatment and management	Yuan et al. (2003YUAN, W. et al. Development of sustainability indicators by communities in China: a case study of Chongming County, Shanghai. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 68, n. 3, p. 253-261, 2003.)	Collection, destination, and final disposal	Medium and low priority	Environmental and Economic
Destination of household waste	Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.)	Destination	Medium and low priority	Environmental
Existence of recycling companies⁵	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Destination	*	*
Recycling rate⁶	Mcalpine and Birnie (2005MCALPINE, P.; BIRNIE, A. Is there a correct way of establishing sustainability indicators? The case of sustainability indicator development on the Island of Guernsey. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, v.10, n.3, p. 243-257, 2005.); Fraser et al. (2006FRASER, E. D. G. et al. Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, v.78, n. 2, p. 114-127, 2006.); Egilmez, Gumus, and Kucukvar (2015EGILMEZ, G.; GUMUS, S.; KUCUKVAR, M. 2015. Environmental sustainability benchmarking of the U.S. and Canada metropoles: An expert judgment-based multi-criteria decision-making approach. Cities, v. 42, p. 31-41, 2015.); Lee and Huang (2007LEE, Y. J.; HUANG, C. M. Sustainability index for Taipei. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, v. 27, p. 505-521, 2007.); Tanguay et al. (2010TANGUAY, G. A. et al. Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators, v. 10, n. 2, p. 407-418, 2010.); Turcu (2012TURCU, C. Local experiences of urban sustainability: Researching Housing Market Renewal interventions in three English neighborhoods. Progress in Planning, v. 78, p. 101-150, 2012.); Turcu (2013); Cox et al. (2010COX, D. et al. Developing and using local community wellbeing indicators: Learning from the experience of Community Indicators Victoria. Australian Journal of Social Issues, v. 45, n.1, p. 71-88, 2010.); Choi and Sirakaya (2006CHOI, H. S. C.; SIRAKAYA, E. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, v.27, n. 6, p. 1274-1289, 2006.); Fehr et al. (2014); Graymore (2014GRAYMORE, M. L. M. Sustainability Reporting: An Approach to Get the Right Mix of Theory and Practicality for Local Actors. Sustainability, v.6, n.6, p. 3145-3170, 2014.)	Destination	Medium priority	Environmental, Social and Economic
Recycled waste volume	Chávez-Cortés and Maya (2010); Sui-Qui and Leng (2015)	Destination	Medium priority	Environmental, Social and Economic
Number of recycling stations	Robati, Monavari and Majedi (2015ROBATI, M.; MONAVARI, S. M.; MAJEDI, H. 2015.Urban Environment Quality Assessment by Using Composite Index Model. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, v. 34, n.5, p. 1473-1480, 2015.)	Destination	Medium priority	Environmental
Ratio of solid waste composted to total waste production	Lee and Huang (2007LEE, Y. J.; HUANG, C. M. Sustainability index for Taipei. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, v. 27, p. 505-521, 2007.)	Destination	Medium priority	Environmental and Economic
Recovery rate of municipal waste from households	Mickwitz and Melanen (2009MICKWITZ, P.; MELANEN, M. The role of co-operation between academia and policymakers for the development and use of sustainability indicators - a case from the Finnish Kymenlaakso Region. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 17, n.12, p. 1086-1100, 2009.)	Destination	Medium priority	Environmental, Social, and Economic
Industrial waste treatment rate	Zhou et al. (2015)	Destination	Low priority	Environmental
Proportion of construction and demolition waste treated	Braulio-Gonzalo et al. (2015)	Destination	Low priority	Environmental and Economic
Waste treatment	Tourneau et al. (2013TOURNEAU, F. M.; et al. Assessing the impacts of sustainable development projects in the Amazon: the DURAMAZ experiment. Sustain Sci, v. 8, p. 199-212, 2013.)	Destination	Low priority	Environmental and Economic
Waste recovery and disposal	Mascarenhas, Nunes and Ramos (2014)	Destination and final disposal	Medium and low priority	Environmental, Social and Economic
Valorisation and disposal of waste	Mascarenhas et al. (2010MASCARENHAS, A. et al. 2010. The role of common local indicators in regional sustainability assessment. Ecological Indicators, v.10, n.3, p. 646-656, 2010.)	Destination and final disposal	Medium and low priority	Environmental, Social and Economic
Solid waste disposal	Kelly and Moles (2002KELLY, R.; MOLES, R. The Development of Local Agenda 21 in the Mid-west Region of Ireland: A Case Study in Interactive Research and Indicator Development. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v.45, n. 6, p. 889-912, 2002.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Per capita discharge of wastewater	Choi and Sirakaya (2006CHOI, H. S. C.; SIRAKAYA, E. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, v.27, n. 6, p. 1274-1289, 2006.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Problems in disposing of household wastes	Nader, Salloum and Karam (2008NADER, M. R.; SALLOUM, B. A.; KARAM, N. Environment and sustainable development indicators in Lebanon: A practical municipal level approach. Ecological Indicators, v.8, n.5, p. 771-777, 2008.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental and social
Elimination of solid waste in controlled garbage dumps	Tolón-Becerra, Lastra-Bravo and Galdeano-Gómez (2010)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Existence of waste treatment units	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Quantity of household waste sent to landfills ⁷	Mickwitz and Melanen (2009MICKWITZ, P.; MELANEN, M. The role of co-operation between academia and policymakers for the development and use of sustainability indicators - a case from the Finnish Kymenlaakso Region. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 17, n.12, p. 1086-1100, 2009.); Graymore (2014GRAYMORE, M. L. M. Sustainability Reporting: An Approach to Get the Right Mix of Theory and Practicality for Local Actors. Sustainability, v.6, n.6, p. 3145-3170, 2014.); Tanguay et al. (2010TANGUAY, G. A. et al. Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators, v. 10, n. 2, p. 407-418, 2010.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Proportion of solid waste processed by landfill	Manitiu and Pedrini (2016MANITIU, D. N.; PEDRINI, G. Urban smartness and sustainability in Europe. An ex ante assessment of environmental, social and cultural domains. European Planning Studies, 2016.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Priority of landfill diversion	Fehr et al. (2014)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Landfill in accordance with standart	Sui-Qui and Leng (2015)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Landfill quality	Fehr et al. (2014)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Solid waste landfill area	Spilanis et al. (2009SPILANIS, I. Monitoring sustainability in insular areas. Ecological Indicators, v.9, p.179-187, 2009.)	Final disposal	Low priority	Environmental
Period of involvement in recycling programme	Choon et al. (2013)	Governance	*	Social
Existence of community recycling projects	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	Governance	*	Social
Type of administration (solid waste management)	Fehr et al. (2014)	Governance	*	*
Submission of recycling programme report	Choon et al. (2013)	Governance	*	*
Availability of waste management and policy	Choi and Sirakaya (2006CHOI, H. S. C.; SIRAKAYA, E. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, v.27, n. 6, p. 1274-1289, 2006.)	Governance	*	*
Forwards waste to other counties	Martins and Cândido (2015MARTINS, M. F.; CÂNDIDO, G.A. Assessment model of urban sustainability level: proposal to Brazilian cities. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v.7, n.3, p. 397-410, 2015.)	*	Low priority	Environmental, Social and Economic

ANPPAS - Revista Ambiente e Sociedade Anppas / Revista Ambiente e Sociedade - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistaambienteesociedade@gmail.com

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Natália Molina Cetrulo ✉ molinacetrulo@gmail.com