Soil attributes and quality under treated domestic sewage irrigation in sugarcane

Barbosa, Eduardo A. A.; Matsura, Edson E.; Santos, Leonardo N. S. dos; Nazário, Aline A.; Gonçalves, Ivo Z.; Feitosa, Daniel R. C.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n2p137-142

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ARTICLE • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 22 (2) • Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n2p137-142 copy

Soil attributes and quality under treated domestic sewage irrigation in sugarcane

Atributos e qualidade do solo irrigado com esgoto doméstico tratado em cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Using domestic sewage to irrigate and supply nutrients to plants is a sustainable practice; however, due to the physical and chemical properties of the domestic sewage, soil attributes and quality may be changed with its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil quality after two cycles of sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage and surface reservoir water via subsurface drip irrigation, with and without nutritional supplementation by fertigation, and a non-irrigated control with top-dressing fertilization. Soil quality was established by applying the methodology proposed by Karlen & Stott. Physical, chemical and microbiological indicators were selected to compose the basic soil functions used to determine the quality index. Application of treated domestic sewage with fertigation increased soil electrical conductivity, Na⁺ content and exchangeable sodium percentage. Reservoir water applications with fertigation increased microbial biomass carbon and reduced the metabolic quotient, besides promoting significant effects on soil acidification indicators in comparison to reservoir water irrigation without fertigation. Despite the alteration of some soil attributes, no significant changes in the soil quality index were observed among the treatments.

Key words:
soil functions; water reuse; subsurface drip; fertigation; soil acidification

Layer (m)	Soil bulk density (kg dm^-3)	Porosity			Texture			Moisture		AWC (mm)	Ks (cm h^-1)
		Total	Macro	Micro	Clay	Silt	Sand	θ_FC	θ_PWP
		(m³ m^-3)			(g kg^-1)			(m³ m^-3)
0-0.20	1.28	0.54	0.13	0.41	569	208	223	0.36	0.25	22.0	3.29
0.20-0.40	1.29	0.56	0.15	0.41	632	158	210	0.38	0.27	22.0	0.83
0.40-0.60	1.21	0.57	0.17	0.40	647	157	196	0.36	0.28	16.0	2.60

Source of water	Elements
	N*	K	S	Na	COD	H₂PO₄ – P	pH	SAR (mmol L^-1)^0.5	EC μS cm^-1
	mg L^-1						pH	SAR (mmol L^-1)^0.5	EC μS cm^-1
TDS	74.8	25.7	11.2	64.5	45.6	13.3	7.51	18.9	1091.8
SRW	0.91	1.13	< 5	2.2	23.7	< 0.1	7.29	1.19	65.2

SF	SF Weight	Ind.	Ind. Weight	Unit	Limits			References
SF	SF Weight	Ind.	Ind. Weight	Unit	Lower	Upper	Optimum	References
RD	0.3	RP	0.35	Mpa		2		Otto et al. (2011)Otto, R.; Silva, A. P.; Franco, H. C. J.; Oliveira, E. C. A.; Trivelin, P. C. O. High soil penetration resistance reduces sugarcane root system development. Soil & Tillage Research, v.117, p.201-210, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.10.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.10....
		BD	0.25	kg dm^-1		1.59		Melo Filho et al. (2007)Melo Filho, J. F. de; Souza, A. L. V.; Souza, L. da S. Determinação do índice de qualidade subsuperficial em um Latossolo Amarelo coeso dos Tabuleiros Costeiros, sob floresta natural. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.31, p.1599-1608, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832007000600036 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683200700...
		MA	0.20	cm³ cm^-3			0.15	Melo Filho et al. (2007)Melo Filho, J. F. de; Souza, A. L. V.; Souza, L. da S. Determinação do índice de qualidade subsuperficial em um Latossolo Amarelo coeso dos Tabuleiros Costeiros, sob floresta natural. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.31, p.1599-1608, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832007000600036 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683200700...
		pH	0.10	-			6.4	Raij et al. (2001)Raij, B. van; Andrade, J. C.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: IAC, 2001. 284p.
		H + Al	0.10	cmol_c dm^-3		3.8		Raij et al. (2001)Raij, B. van; Andrade, J. C.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: IAC, 2001. 284p.
CW	0.2	TP	0.35	cm³ cm^-3			0.514	Fernandes et al. (2011)Fernandes, J. C.; Gamero, C. A.; Rodrigues, J. G. L.; Mirás-Avalo, J. M. Determination of the quality index of a Paleudult under sunflower culture and different management systems. Soil & Tillage Research, v.112, p.167-174, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01....
		MA	0.30	cm³ cm^-3			0.15	Melo Filho et al. (2007)Melo Filho, J. F. de; Souza, A. L. V.; Souza, L. da S. Determinação do índice de qualidade subsuperficial em um Latossolo Amarelo coeso dos Tabuleiros Costeiros, sob floresta natural. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.31, p.1599-1608, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832007000600036 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683200700...
		WMD	0.15	Mm	0.9			Fernandes et al. (2011)Fernandes, J. C.; Gamero, C. A.; Rodrigues, J. G. L.; Mirás-Avalo, J. M. Determination of the quality index of a Paleudult under sunflower culture and different management systems. Soil & Tillage Research, v.112, p.167-174, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01....
		ESP	0.10	%		25		Ayers & Westcot (1994)Ayers, R. S.; Westcot, D. W. Water quality for agriculture. Rome: FAO, 1994. 177p. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29
		EC_se	0.10	dS m^-1	4			Ayers & Westcot (1994)Ayers, R. S.; Westcot, D. W. Water quality for agriculture. Rome: FAO, 1994. 177p. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29
CN	0.5	pH	0.10	-			6.4	Raij et al. (2001)Raij, B. van; Andrade, J. C.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: IAC, 2001. 284p.
		H + Al	0.10	cmol_c dm^-3		3.8		Raij et al. (2001)Raij, B. van; Andrade, J. C.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: IAC, 2001. 284p.
		EC_se	0.10	dS m^-1	3			Ayers & Westcot (1994)Ayers, R. S.; Westcot, D. W. Water quality for agriculture. Rome: FAO, 1994. 177p. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29
		ESP	0.10	%		25		Ayers & Westcot (1994)Ayers, R. S.; Westcot, D. W. Water quality for agriculture. Rome: FAO, 1994. 177p. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29
		CEC	0.10	cmol_c dm^-3	4.6			Raij et al. (2001)Raij, B. van; Andrade, J. C.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: IAC, 2001. 284p.
		OM	0.10	%	1.5			Raij et al. (2001)Raij, B. van; Andrade, J. C.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: IAC, 2001. 284p.
		MBC	0.15	µg C g^-1 dry soil	250			Lopes et al. (2013)Lopes, A. A. de C.; Sousa, D. M. G. de; Chaer, G. M.; Reis Júnior, F. B. dos; Goedert, W. J.; Mendes, I. de C. Interpretation of microbial soil indicators as a function of crop yield and organic carbon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.77, p.461-472, 2013.
		qCO₂	0.15	µg CO₂ µg^-1 C d^-1	0.2			Kaschuk et al. (2010)Kaschuk, G.; Alberton, O.; Hungria, M. Three decades of soil microbial biomass studies in Brazilian ecosystems: Lessons learned about soil quality and indications for improving sustainability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.42, p.1-13, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.08.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.0...
		qMic	0.10	%			2.2	Jenkinson & Ladd (1981)Jenkinson, D. S.; Ladd, J. N. Microbial biomass in soil: Measurement and turnover. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.13, p.415-417, 1981.

Treat./Ind.	Unit	NI	ISF	IS	IWF	IW	F Test	C.V. (%)
SQI	-	0.86	0.85	0.86	0.85	0.90	1.93^ns	2.48
RD	-	0.77ab	0.75b	0.78ab	0.75b	0.86a	2.41+	5.13
CW	-	0.99	0.97	0.98	0.97	1.00	0.70^ns	4.36
CN	-	0.86	0.86	0.85	0.85	0.90	0.79^ns	2.66
BD	kg dm^-1	1.26	1.28	1.25	1.25	1.21	1.35^ns	3.48
TP	cm³ cm^-3	0.54	0.52	0.53	0.54	0.53	0.27^ns	4.74
MA	cm³ cm^-3	0.12	0.11	0.11	0.12	0.11	0.08^ns	33.6
WMD	Mm	1.65	1.65	1.65	1.85	2.12	1.97^ns	18.8
RP	Mpa	1.77	1.60	1.83	1.60	1.50	1.47^ns	11.9
OM	%	3.11	3.13	2.84	3.19	2.82	1.29^ns	16.25
EC_se	dS m^-1	1.16 ab	1.35 a	1.00 ab	0.98 ab	0.85 b	3.07*	24.29
pH	-	5.61 ab	5.48 b	5.66 ab	5.49 b	5.95 a	3.87*	3.02
Na	mg dm^-3	1.54 b	5.97 a	3.29 ab	1.65 b	1.50 b	7.81*	42.8
CEC	cmol_c dm^-3	8.33	8.90	7.30	8.33	7.63	2.08^ns	16.23
ESP	%	0.08 b	0.30 a	0.20 ab	0.09 b	0.09 b	5.81*	45.1
Al + H	cmol_c dm^-3	3.75 ab	4.14 a	2.96 ab	4.08 a	2.65 b	5.65*	13.94
MBC	µg C g^-1 dry soil	314 ab	361 ab	295 b	415 a	333 ab	2.38+	27.73
qCO₂	µg CO₂ µg^-1 C d^-1	0.031 ab	0.032 ab	0.047 a	0.023 b	0.038 ab	2.68+	35.13
qMic	%	1.89	1.96	2.26	2.32	2.53	1.04^ns	20.52

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[1] eduardo.agnellos@gmail.com (Corresponding author)