Nutrient concentration and nutritional efficiency in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear submitted to different spacings and fertilizations

Lédo, Alex A.; Donato, Sergio L. R.; Aspiazu, Ignácio; Silva, João A. da; Donato, Paulo E. R.; Carvalho, Abner J. de

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n3p154-161

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 24 (3) • Mar 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n3p154-161 copy

Nutrient concentration and nutritional efficiency in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear submitted to different spacings and fertilizations

Teores de nutrientes e eficiência nutricional em palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ sob diferentes adubações e espaçamentos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient concentration and nutritional efficiency in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different chemical, organic and organomineral fertilizations, planting configurations and spacings, during three production cycles. Seventy two treatments, involving two types of configuration in the plots, three spacings in the subplots and 12 types of fertilization in the sub-subplots were arranged in a split-split-plot scheme, in a randomized block design, with three repetitions. At the time of harvest of each production cycle, 40 cladode tissue samples were collected per treatment to determine dry matter mass and nutrient concentration, which were used to calculate the coefficients of biological utilization of nutrients. Organic fertilization reduces Mn concentrations in cladodes to levels below the sufficiency range. The nutritional efficiency of N, S, P, Mn and Zn is higher with organic and organomineral fertilizations and are associated with higher dry matter yields, whereas K nutritional efficiency is higher with mineral fertilization. The absence of fertilization or application of 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure is insufficient to ensure nutritional status and dry matter yield above 15 Mg ha^-1 in ‘Gigante’ cactus pear.

Key words:
Opuntia sp.; biological utilization coefficient; yield

Cycle I - 2011/2013	Concentrations of nutrients
Fertilizations	Macronutrients				Micronutrient
	N (g kg^-1)		S (g kg^-1)		Mn (mg kg^-1)
	Planting configurations
	Triple row	Quadruple row	Triple row	Quadruple row	Triple row	Quadruple row
0-000-000-000*	12.2 B a	12.7 B a	0.9 B a	0.9 C a	218.9 C a	231.6 C a
0-300-300-300	18.4 A a	16.4 A a	3.1 A a	3.9 A a	706.1 A b	889.4 A a
0-300-300-600	14.1 B a	16.3 A a	2.6 A a	3.4 A a	730.2 A b	978.2 A a
30-000-000000	11.9 B a	12.0 B a	1.3 B a	1.5 C a	239.4 C a	229.7 C a
30-150-300-300	13.2 B a	14.2 A a	3.3 A a	3.7 A a	421.0 B a	548.4 B a
30-150-300-600	13.8 B a	15.3 A a	2.9 A a	3.2 A a	484.6 B b	668.1 B a
60-000-000-000	12.1 B a	11.1 B a	1.5 B a	1.3 C a	204.6 C a	211.5 C a
60-000-300-300	14.2 B a	10.9 B a	2.6 A a	2.4 B a	234.9 C a	305.1 C a
60-000-300-600	11.9 B a	10.9 B a	2.2 B a	2.2 B a	275.2 C a	305.1 C a
90-000-000-000	13.1 B a	11.8 B a	1.4 B a	1.4 C a	182.3 C a	230.6 C a
90-000-000-300	13.6 B a	13.5 B a	1.4 B a	1.4 C a	184.8 C a	270.0 C a
90-000-000-600	12.2 B a	12.5 B a	1.3 B a	1.1 C a	212.2 C a	284.8 C a
Mean	13.3	14.9	2.0	2.2	341.1	429.3
CV (%)	16.27		19.50		28.11
p-value	0.015		< 0.001		0.010

Cycle II – 2013-2014	S (g kg^-1)
Fertilizations	Spacings
Fertilizations	S₁ - 3.0 × 1.0 × 0.25 m	S₂ - 3.0 × 1.0 × 0.16 m	S₃ - 3.0 × 1.0 × 0.125 m
0-000-000-000*	1.3 B a	1.0 B a	0.8 B a
0-300-300-300	2.6 A a	2.9 A a	3.2 A a
0-300-300-600	2.5 A a	2.8 A a	3.0 A a
30-000-000-000	1.5 B a	1.6 B a	1.4 B a
30-150-300-300	2.4 A a	2.7 A a	3.1 A a
30-150-300-600	2.3 A a	2.8 A a	2.8 A a
60-000-000-000	1.6 B a	1.5 B a	1.6 B a
60-000-300-300	2.0 A a	2.7 A a	2.5 A a
60-000-300-600	2.0 A a	2.4 A a	2.3 A a
90-000-000-000	1.4 B a	1.7 B a	1.5 B a
90-000-000-300	1.5 B a	1.4 B a	1.4 B a
90-000-000-600	1.5 B a	1.5 B a	1.6 B a
Mean	1.8	2.1	2.0
CV (%)	17.92
p-value	< 0.001

Cycle I - 2011/2013	Macronutrients			Micronutrients
Fertilizations	P	K⁺	Ca²⁺	B^3-	Cu²⁺	Fe²⁺	Zn²⁺
Fertilizations	(g kg^-1)			(mg kg^-1)
0-000-000-000*	0.8 D	30.7 E	24.2 B	29.4 B	1.92 C	167.8B	37.0 C
0-300-300-300	1.7 B	31.1 E	25.7 B	57.4 A	2.85 A	218.9 A	58.4 B
0-300-300-600	1.6 B	34.9 D	25.8 B	58.4 A	2.67 A	207.1 A	54.3 B
30-000-000-000	1.2 C	33.6 D	22.7 B	65.0 A	2.51 B	174.3 C	69.8 A
30-150-300-300	2.0 A	37.6 C	28.3 A	64.5 A	2.88 A	191.7 B	62.3 B
30-150-300-600	1.8 B	40.7 B	26.4 A	64.4 A	2.93 A	238.4 A	59.5 B
60-000-000-000	1.3 C	38.0 C	25.5 B	55.1 A	2.43 B	181.9 B	72.2 A
60-000-300-300	1.8 B	40.7 B	27.5 A	54.6 A	2.51 B	241.0 A	65.5 A
60-000-300-600	1.7 B	42.6 A	28.1 A	52.6 A	2.37 B	205.9 A	61.6 B
90-000-000-000	1.2 C	40.4 B	25.0 B	54.1 A	2.48 B	189.9 B	63.4 B
90-000-000-300	1.3 C	41.2 B	23.8 B	58.7 A	2.31 B	188.6 B	68.8 A
90-000-000-600	1.1 C	44.0 A	24.5 B	55.7 A	2.15 C	212.2 A	69.6 A
Mean	1.40	37.90	25.60	55.80	2.50	201.50	61.50
CV (%)	16.95	11.28	15.29	35.91	21.49	34.67	26.01
p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.03	<0.001
Cycle II - 2013-2014	Macronutrients					Micronutrients
Fertilizations	N	P	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Fe²⁺	Mn²⁺
Fertilizations	(g kg^-1)					(mg kg^-1)
0-000-000-000*	12.5 B	1.0 D	27.7 D	31.7 A	9.8 B	102.9 C	489.0 B
0-300-300-300	16.0 A	2.9 A	32.3 C	31.4 A	9.7 B	220.9 A	1253.7 A
0-300-300-600	14.3 A	2.8 A	37.0 B	32.8 A	9.3 B	185.9 A	1364.3 A
30-000-000-000	12.8 B	1.5 C	37.0 B	28.2 B	12.3 A	160.9 B	268.3 C
30-150-300-300	13.1 B	2.8 A	26.5 B	29.6 B	10.3 B	206.1 A	541.5 B
30-150-300-600	13.3 B	2.6 A	36.4 B	28.6 B	10.3 B	187.7 A	591.7 B
60-000-000-000	12.0 B	1.6 C	37.1 B	27.2 C	12.4 A	155.2 B	186.9 C
60-000-300-300	12.0 B	2.4 B	37.2 B	29.4 B	12.0 A	207.8 A	216.8 C
60-000-300-600	11.4 B	2.2 B	42.2 A	29.6 B	11.9 A	205.1 A	264.5 C
90-000-000-000	12.9 B	1.5 C	41.0 A	25.3 C	11.7 A	246.0 A	149.0 C
90-000-000-300	12.5 B	1.4 C	39.4 A	22.9 D	11.5 A	217.1 A	167.2 C
90-000-000-600	12.4 B	1.5 C	40.7 A	24.2 D	11.0 A	252.1 A	180.1 C
Mean	13.0	2.0	36.2	28.4	11.0	195.5	472.7
CV (%)	15.90	17.92	10.35	14.54	24.18	37.20	40.66
p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.04	<0.001	<0.001
Cycle III - 2014-2015	Macronutrients					Micronutrients
Fertilizations	N	P	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Mn²⁺	Zn²⁺
Fertilizations	(g kg^-1)					(mg kg^-1)
0-000-000-000*	14.5 C	1.2 D	31.8 C	33.9 A	13.0 A	589.4 C	60.4 C
0-300-300-300	20.9 A	2.1 A	30.5 C	31.1 A	10.2 B	1984.9 A	73.4 A
0-300-300-600	20.2 A	2.0 A	36.4 B	31.1 A	9.5 B	2558.3 A	71.1 A
30-000-000-000	14.5 C	1.5 C	32.4 C	28.9 B	11.8 A	406.3 D	64.9 B
30-150-300-300	16.7 B	1.8 B	34.3 C	32.8 A	11.2 B	732.7 B	60.3 C
30-150-300-600	17.3 B	1.7 B	37.5 B	32.2 A	10.4 B	950.7 B	58.4 C
60-000-000-000	15.5 C	1.6 C	32.8 C	25.4 B	12.1 A	264.1 D	53.1 D
60-000-300-300	17.2 B	2.0 A	36.5 B	30.3 A	12.6 A	262.6 D	53.8 D
60-000-300-600	15.1 C	1.9 A	40.6 A	29.9 A	11.9 A	270.2 D	54.8 D
90-000-000-000	16.8 B	1.8 B	37.6 B	29.3 B	13.6 A	187.4 D	49.9 D
90-000-000-300	15.6 C	1.7 B	38.9 B	26.5 B	12.8 A	137.0 D	47.9 D
90-000-000-600	14.8 C	1.7 B	42.8 A	28.2 B	13.2A	154.4 D	52.5 D
Mean	16.6	1.7	36.0	29.9	11.8	708.2	58.4
CV (%)	15.00	16.30	12.80	16.52	19.37	64.45	18.52
p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Fertilizations	Cycle I - 2011-2013
	Macronutrients									Micronutrients
	DMY (Mg ha^-1)	BUC_N	BUC_P		BUC_K	BUC_Ca		BUC_Mg	BUC_S	BUC_B	BUC_Cu	BUC_Fe		BUC_Mn	BUC_Zn
	DMY (Mg ha^-1)	(kg kg^-1)
0-000-000-000*	9.3 C	82.6 A	1293.2 A		33.4 A		43.3	123.4	1182.1 A	41635.9 A	879550.8 A		6674.5	4945.5 A	33623.5 A
0-300-300-300	16.2 A	59.8 B	583.0 C		33.0 A		41.6	131.9	291.7 D	20453.8 A	409790.8 B		5125.3	1358.7 D	20040.6 B
0-300-300-600	16.7 A	70.4 B	661.8 C		29.7 B		40.5	149.3	361.7 D	21397.4 B	512379.8 B		5147.5	1444.2 D	21489.7 B
30-000-000-000	12.4 B	86.6 A	884.2 B		30.3 B		46.0	120.5	772.3 B	18311.8 B	508072.5 B		6578.6	4632.5 A	18248.0 B
30-150-300-300	15.8 A	78.3 A	533.0 C		27.5 C		38.8	126.3	296.4 D	17514.7 B	422686.1 B		5751.8	2500.8 C	19233.0 B
30-150-300-600	15.6 A	70.6 B	579.2 C		25.2 C		39.7	124.9	338.6 D	17602.5 B	397480.7 B		4853.0	1883.9 D	19820.2 B
60-000-000-000	14.5 A	90.9 A	783.1 B		27.0 C		41.1	121.7	739.3 B	19620.1 B	496904.5 B		6004.3	5625.2 A	15684.5 B
60-000-300-300	16.6 A	86.4 A	568.9 C		25.3 C		38.4	113.6	420.5 C	19575.3 B	482733.4 B		5154.4	4038.4 B	19073.5 B
60-000-300-600	15.1 A	94.6 A	604.7 C		24.2 C		37.8	123.3	486.1 C	19795.4 B	503766.1 B		5843.9	34655.7 B	18515.3 B
90-000-000-000	14.1 A	82.4 A	835.4 B		25.4 C		42.2	106.8	741.7 B	21470.7 B	501326.2 B		6095.5	5404.8 A	17404.0 B
90-000-000-300	15.2 A	78.3 A	781.4 B		24.8 C		43.4	118.4	762.3 B	18948.0 B	544908.7 B		5671.3	4736.6 A	17475.5 B
90-000-000-600	15.0 A	82.4 A	902.7 A		23.5 C		43.3	120.4	852.8 B	21104.3 B	597549.4 B		5325.5	4517.0 A	16613.0 B
Mean	14.7	80.3	750.9		27.5		41.4	123.4	603.8	21452.5	521429.1		5685.4	3682.8	19743.4
CV (%)	30.02	24.57	25.78		17.52		23.69	27.77	35.96	40.30	70.59		34.03	35.58	39.24
p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001		<0.001		0.351	0.091	<0.001	<0.001	0.021		0.086	<0.001	<0.001
	Cycle II - 2013-2014
0-000-000000*	7.9 C	82.3 A	1191.2 A	36.5 A			32.6 B	110.3 A	1001.5 A	41225.2 A	473150.8		12248.6	2406.3 D	26966.7A
0-300-300-300	13.5 B	64.5 B	528.9 C	31.8 B			33.0 B	120.6 A	350.7 C	28968.6 B	424084.2		12598.5	897.6 E	19132.2 B
0-300-300-600	12.8 B	72.0 B	614.4 B	27.5 C			31.3 B	120.9 A	365.9 C	30836.9 B	369123.9		10483.4	780.2 E	18601.5 B
30-000-000-000	12.4 B	80.8 A	624.3 B	27.7 C			36.1 B	86.0 B	692.3 B	32019.2 B	469335.3		12812.0	4341.0 C	15596.2 B
30-150-300-300	15.5 A	79.0 A	549.1 C	28.3 C			35.0 B	106.3 A	381.2 C	31983.6 B	465522.7		12031.6	2101.8 D	17117.8 B
30-150-300-600	13.7 B	77.2 A	509.1 C	28.0 C			36.3 B	104.5 A	390.0 C	29576.6 B	480782.4		12394.3	1847.7 D	18193.5 B
60-000-000-000	12.9 B	85.3 A	558.9 C	27.4 C			37.6 B	84.3 B	648.9 B	33303.2 B	403100.8		11865.4	5828.1 B	16610.8B
60-000-300-300	17.1 A	86.6 A	515.8 C	27.2 C			34.6 B	91.0 B	432.8 C	33222.4 B	470289.4		12006.0	5115.4 C	17493.4 B
60-000-300-600	17.5 A	88.9 A	514.3 C	24.1 D			34.4 B	89.0 B	475.9 C	31004.7 B	447341.2		12569.6	4155.5 C	18393.3B
90-000-000-000	18.7 A	78.5 A	557.0 C	24.8 D			40.8 A	92.3 B	655.0 B	34445.7 B	434018.1		12398.0	7190.5 A	19976.2 B
90-000-000-300	22.0 A	83.1 A	593.5 B	25.6 D			44.9 A	94.2 B	692.3 B	31986.2 B	428899.9		11449.7	6323.2 B	19293.6 B
90-000-000-600	19.4 A	83.0 A	601.9 B	25.0 D			42.6 A	98.3 B	654.3 B	30014.6 B	444902.1		11729.2	5917.5 B	17511.0 B
Mean	15.2	80.1	608.3	27.8			36.6	99.8	560.9	32465.6	442545.9		12048.8	3908.7	18732.2
CV (%)	34.02	17.82	22.98	14.92			17.65	26.62	25.19	26.48	41.91		37.99	33.63	34.09
p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.007	0.066		0.077	<0.001	<0.001
	Cycle III - 2014-2015
0-000-000-000*	8.2 D	71.0 A	839.7 A	32.8 A			31.3 B	78.6 B	774.2 A	46737.0	342693.0	20333.3		1995.7 D	17313.6 B
0-300-300-300	16.6 B	49.4 C	498.4 C	33.6 A			32.8 B	101.3 A	383.0 C	39975.9	310009.1	17686.2		1465.2 D	14959.6 B
0-300-300-600	21.5 A	50.4 C	523.4 C	27.8 B			33.2 B	109.1 A	328.0 C	39492.6	322147.9	15630.8		425.8 D	15389.0 B
30-000-000-000	13.1 C	70.9 A	682.1 B	31.4 A			35.3 B	87.3 B	651.8 A	37370.1	414480.3	21905.8		4212.6 C	16047.3 B
30-150-300-300	18.4 B	61.6 B	541.3 C	29.6 A			31.6 B	93.5 A	377.7 C	43677.8	414478.5	16622.1		1715.1 D	17542.1 B
30-150-300-600	20.4 A	59.0 B	577.8 C	27.0 B			31.9 B	99.6 A	367.9 C	39370.3	380210.4	16477.3		1400.7 D	18004.5 B
60-000-000-000	17.6 B	66.8 A	652.7 B	32.0 A			46.3 A	85.7 B	704.3 A	40000.6	440594.1	20247.9		5959.1 A	20605.2 A
60-000-300-300	20.5 A	59.3 B	505.0 C	27.9 B			34.0 B	82.8 B	486.8 B	42141.6	445317.9	24612.0		5545.9 B	19864.6 A
60-000-300-600	21.3 A	67.0 A	545.9 C	24.9 C			35.6 B	91.1 B	493.1 B	40060.4	383017.1	18845.2		4273.7 C	19003.9 A
90-000-000-000	21.1 A	61.5 B	570.8 C	27.0 B			35.5 B	78.6 B	656.7 A	42113.9	393026.7	21185.5		6602.6 A	20913.3 A
90-000-000-300	19.9 A	66.2 A	616.5 C	26.3 B			40.3 A	86.7 B	745.1 A	35574.3	452848.6	18852.4		7467.3 A	21772.5 A
90-000-000-600	23.3 A	70.0 A	575.5 C	23.4 C			38.0 A	77.3 B	68.5 A	35280.8	410956.6	128469.4		7080.5 A	19650.9 A
Mean	18.5	62.8	594.1	28.6			35.5	89.3	554.3	40316.3	392693.3	20072.3		4012.0	18422.2
CV (%)	27.01	17.85	21.69	16.39			833.0	21.58	26.93	26.10	42.62	93.57		48.78	23.57
p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001			0.007	<0.001	<0.001	0.128	0.166	0.219		<0.001	<0.001

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[1] Alex A. Lédo - E-mail: alex.ledo@ifbaiano.edu.br (Corresponding author)