Evo-devo of non-bilaterian animals

Lanna, Emilio

doi:10.1590/S1415-475738320150005

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Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Review Article • Genet. Mol. Biol. 38 (3) • July-Sept 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-475738320150005 copy

Evo-devo of non-bilaterian animals

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The non-bilaterian animals comprise organisms in the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Placozoa. These early-diverging phyla are pivotal to understanding the evolution of bilaterian animals. After the exponential increase in research in evolutionary development (evo-devo) in the last two decades, these organisms are again in the spotlight of evolutionary biology. In this work, I briefly review some aspects of the developmental biology of nonbilaterians that contribute to understanding the evolution of development and of the metazoans. The evolution of the developmental genetic toolkit, embryonic polarization, the origin of gastrulation and mesodermal cells, and the origin of neural cells are discussed. The possibility that germline and stem cell lineages have the same origin is also examined. Although a considerable number of non-bilaterian species are already being investigated, the use of species belonging to different branches of non-bilaterian lineages and functional experimentation with gene manipulation in the majority of the non-bilaterian lineages will be necessary for further progress in this field.

early-diverging metazoans; BMP; FGF; Wnt; stem cells; evolution; nervous system

Phylum	Class^* * T/M/KDM = Transgenics, Mutants and knockdown methods.	Model	Genome	Transcriptome	T/M/KDM^* * T/M/KDM = Transgenics, Mutants and knockdown methods.	Font
Porifera	Demospongiae	Amphimedon queenslandica	YES	YES	NO	*Srivastava et al., 2010a*Srivastava M, Simakov O, Chapman J, Fahey B, Gauthier MEA, Mitros T, Richards GS, Conaco C, Dacre M, Hellsten U, et al. (2010a) The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity. Nature 466:720–726.
		Ephydatia muelleri	NO	NO	NO	Windsor and Leys, 2010Windsor PJ and Leys SP (2010) Wnt signaling and induction in the sponge aquiferous system: Evidence for an ancient origin of the organizer. Evol Dev 12:484–493.
		Ephydatia fluviatilis	NO	NO	NO	Funayama, 2010Funayama N (2010) The stem cell system in demosponges: Insights into the origin of somatic stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 52:1–14.
	Calcarea	Sycon ciliatum	YES	YES	NO	*Leininger et al., 2014*Leininger S, Adamski M, Bergum B, Guder C, Liu J, Laplante M, Bråte J, Hoffmann F, Fortunato S, Jordal S, et al. (2014) Developmental gene expression provides clues to relationships between sponge and eumetazoan body plans. Nat Commun 5:e3905.
		Sycon coactum	NO	YES	NO	*Riesgo et al., 2014*Riesgo A, Farrar N, Windsor PJ, Giribet G and Leys SP (2014) The analysis of eight transcriptomes from all poriferan classes reveals surprising genetic complexity in sponges. Mol Biol Evol 31:1102–1120.
		Leucosolenia complicata	YES	YES	NO	*Leininger et al., 2014*Leininger S, Adamski M, Bergum B, Guder C, Liu J, Laplante M, Bråte J, Hoffmann F, Fortunato S, Jordal S, et al. (2014) Developmental gene expression provides clues to relationships between sponge and eumetazoan body plans. Nat Commun 5:e3905.
	Homoscleromorpha	Oscarella lobularis	NO	YES	NO	*Ereskovsky et al., 2009*Ereskovsky AV, Borchiellini C, Gazave E, Ivanisevic J, Lapebie P, Perez T, Renard E and Vacelet J (2009) The Homo-scleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis, a promising sponge model in evolutionary and developmental biology. Bioessays 31:89–97.
		Oscarella carmela	YES	YES	NO	*Nichols et al., 2006*Nichols SA, Dirks W, Pearse JS and King N (2006) Early evolution of animal cell signaling and adhesion genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:12451–12456.
Cnidaria	Hydrozoa	Hydra magnipapilata	YES	YES	Yes, No, RNAi	*Chapman et al., 2010*Chapman JA, Kirkness EF, Simakov O, Hampson SE, Mitros T, Weinmaier T, Rattei T, Balasubramanian PG, Borman J, Busam D, et al.(2010) The dynamic genome of Hydra.Nature 464:592–596.
		Clytia hemispherica	YES	YES	No, No, Mo^ Mo = morpholino.	Houliston et al., 2011
		Hydractinia echinata	NO	NO	Yes, No, RNAi	*Kraus et al., 2014*Kraus Y, Flici H, Hensel K, Plickert G, Leitz T and Frank U (2014) The embryonic development of the cnidarian Hydractinia echinata. Evol Dev 16:323–338.
		Podocoryne carnea	NO	NO	NO	*Spring et al., 2002*Spring J, Yanze N, Josch C, Middel AM, Winninger B and Schmid V (2002) Conservation of Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail in the myogenic lineage of jellyfish: A connection to the mesoderm of bilateria. Dev Biol 244:372–384.
	Scyphozoa	Aurelia aurita	NO	YES	NO	*Fuchs et al., 2014*Fuchs B, Wang W, Graspeuntner S, Li Y, Insua S, Herbst EM, Dirksen P, Böhm A-M, Hemmrich G, Sommer F (2014). Regulation of polyp-to-jellyfish transition in Aurelia aurita. Curr Biol 24:263–273.
	Anthozoa	Nematostella vectensis	YES	YES	Yes, No, Mo/RNAi	*Putnam et al., 2007*Putnam NH, Srivastava M, Hellsten U, Dirks B, Chapman J, Salamov A, Terry A, Shapiro H, Lindquist E, Kapitonov VV, et al. (2007) Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization. Science 317:86–94.
		Acropora digitifera	YES	YES	NO	*Shinzato et al., 2011*Shinzato C, Shoguchi E, Kawashima T, Hamada M, Hisata K, Tanaka M, Fujie M, Fujiwara M, Koyanagi R, Ikuta T, et al. (2011) Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change. Nature 476:320–324.
	Cubozoa	Tripedalia cystophora	NO	NO	NO	Piatgorsky and Kozmik, 2004Piatgorsky J and Kozmik Z (2004). Cubozoan jellyfish: An Evo/Devo model for eyes and other sensory systems. Int J Dev Biol 48:719–729.
Ctenophora	Lobata	Mnemiopsis leidyi	YES	YES	NO	*Ryan et al., 2013*Ryan JF, Pang K, Schnitzler CE, Nguyen A-D, Moreland RT, Simmons DK, Koch BJ, Francis WR, Havlak P, Smith SA, et al. (2013) The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell type evolution. Science 342:1242592-1-1242592-8.
	Pleurobrachiidae	Pleurobrachia bachei	YES	YES	NO	Moroz et al.
		Pleurobrachia pileus	NO	YES	NO	*Alié et al., 2011*Alie A, Leclére L, Jager M, Dayraud C, Chang P, Le Guyader H, Queinnec E and Manuel M (2011) Somatic stem cells express Piwiand Vasa genes in an adult ctenophore: Ancient association of "germline genes" with stemness. Dev Biol 350:183–197.
Placozoa	-	Trichoplax adhaerens	YES	YES	Yes, No, No	*Schierwater et al., 2009*Schierwater B, de Jong D and DeSalle R (2009) Placozoa and the evolution of Metazoa and intrasomatic cell differentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:370–379.

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[1] Send correspondence to Emilio Lanna. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil. E-mail: emiliolanna@gmail.com.