ABSCISIC ACID
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Cd |
Increased endogenous ABA levels |
Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis
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Fediuc et al. (2005)Fediuc E, Lips SH and Erdei L (2005) O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase activity in Phragmites and Typha plants under cadmium and NaCl stress conditions and the involvement of ABA in the stress response. J Plant Physiol 162:865-872.
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Potato tubers |
Stroiñski et al. (2010)Stroinski A, Chadzinikolau T, Gizewska K and Zielezinska M (2010) ABA or cadmium induced phytochelatin synthesis in potato tubers. Biol Plant 54:117-120.
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Rice plants |
Kim et al. |
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Hg, Cd and Cu |
Increased ABA levels |
Wheat seeds |
Munzuro et al. (2008)Munzuro Ö, Fikriye KZ and Yahyagil Z (2008) The abscisic acid levels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Çakmak 79) seeds that were germinated under heavy metal (Hg++, Cd++, Cu++) stress. G U J Sci 21:1-7.
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Cu and Zn |
Seed germination decreased and ABA |
Cucumbers |
Wang et al. (2014c)Wang Y, Wang Y, Kai W, Zhao B, Chen P, Sun L, Ji K, Li Q, Dai S, Sun Y, et al. (2014c) Transcriptional regulation of abscisic acid signal core components during cucumber seed germination and under Cu2+, Zn2+, NaCl and simulated acid rain stresses. Plant Physiol Biochem 76:67-76.
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content increased |
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Pb |
ABA accumulation |
Cicer arietinum
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Atici et al. (2005)Atici Ö, Agar G and Battal P (2005) Changes in phytohormone contents in chickpea seeds germinating under lead or zinc stress. Biol Plant 49:215-222.
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Cu and Ni |
ABA accumulation |
Empetrum nigrum
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Monni et al. (2001)Monni S, Uhlig C, Hansen E and Magel E (2001) Ecophysiological responses of Empetrum nigrum to heavy metal pollution. Environ Pollut 112:121-129.
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As |
Induction of ABA biosynthesis and signaling genes |
Rice |
Huang et al. (2012)Huang TL, Nguyen QTT, Fu SF, Lin CY, Chen YC and Huang HJ (2012) Transcriptomic changes and signalling pathways induced by arsenic stress in rice roots. Plant Mol Biol 80:587-608.
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V |
Induction of ABA biosynthesis and signaling genes |
Rice |
Lin et al. (2013)Lin CY, Trinh NN, Lin CW and Huang HJ (2013) Transcriptome analysis of phytohormone, transporters and signaling pathways in response to vanadium stress in rice roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 66:98-104.
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Cu and Zn |
Induction of genes related to ABA signal transduction |
Cucumber |
Wang et al. (2014) |
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Cd |
Inhibitory effects on early growth |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Sharma and Kumar (2002)Sharma S and Kumar V (2002) Responses of wild type and abscisic acid mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana to cadmium. J Plant Physiol 159:1323-1327.
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Ni and Zn |
Decreased water potential and stomatal conductance and increased ABA levels
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White bean |
Rauser and Dumbroff (1981)Rauser WE and Dumbroff EB (1981) Effects of excess cobalt, nickel and zinc on the water relations of Phaseolus vulgaris. Environ Exp Bot 21:249-255.
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Cd |
Decreased water potential and stomatal conductance and increased ABA levels |
Brassica juncea
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Salt et al., 1995Salt DE, Prince RC, Pickering IJ and Raskin I (1995) Mechanisms of cadmium mobility and accumulation in Indian Mustard. Plant Physiol 109:1427-1433.
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Cd |
Decreased relative water uptake rate whilst stomatal resistance and ABA content increased |
White bean |
Poschenrieder et al., 1989Poschenrieder C, Gunsé B and Barceló J (1989) Influence of cadmium on water relations, stomatal resistance, and abscisic acid content in expanding bean leaves. Plant Physiol 90:1365-1371.
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Cd and Cu |
Induced MAPK signaling and increased ABA content |
Rice |
Yeh et al. (2003Yeh C, Hung W and Huang H (2003) Copper treatment activates mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in rice. Physiol Plant 119:392-399., 2004Yeh C, Hsiao L and Huang H (2004) Cadmium activates a mitogen-activated protein kinase gene and MBP kinases in rice. Plant Cell Physiol 45:1306-1312.) |
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Exogenous ABA application |
Affected the transport of Cd and Ni to the shoots |
Rice |
Rubio et al. (1994)Rubio MI, Escrig I, Martinez-Cortina C, Lopez-Benet FJ and Sanz A (1994) Cadmium and nickel accumulation in rice plants. Effects on mineral nutrition and possible interactions of abscisic and gibberellic acids. Plant Growth Regul 14:151-157.
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Limited the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Perfus-Barbeoch et al. (2002)Perfus-Barbeoch L, Leonhardt N, Vavasseur A and Forestier C (2002) Heavy metal toxicity: Cadmium permeates through calcium channels and disturbs the plant water status. Plant J 32:539-548.
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Enhanced heavy metal toxicity, causing growth inhibition and the translocation of storage products from source to sink organs |
Rice |
Moya et al. (1995)Moya JL, Ros R and Picazo I (1995) Heavy metal-hormone interactions in rice plants: Effects on growth, net photosynthesis, and carbohydrate distribution. J Plant Growth Regul 14:61-67.
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AUXIN
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Cu |
Enhanced auxin activity in both the meristem and elongation zones |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Yuan et al. (2013)Yuan H, Xu H, Liu W and Lu Y (2013) Copper regulates primary root elongation through PIN1-mediated auxin redistribution. Plant Cell Physiol 54:766-778.
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B |
PIN1 down-regulation and inhibition of root elongation. |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Li et al. (2015)Li K, Kamiya T and Fujiwara T (2015) Differential roles of PIN1 and PIN2 in root meristem maintenance under low-B conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 56:1205-1214.
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Cd |
Induced NO accumulation, repress auxin transport and reduced root meristem size |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Yuan and Huang, (2016)Yuan H and Huang X (2016) Inhibition of root meristem growth by cadmium involves nitric oxide-mediated repression of auxin accumulation and signalling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 39:120-135.
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Cu |
Increased auxin and decreased NO levels in roots |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Peto et al. (2011)Peto A, Lehotai N, Lozano-Juste J, León J, Tari I, Erdei L and Kolbert Z (2011) Involvement of nitric oxide and auxin in signal transduction of copper-induced morphological responses in Arabidopsis seedlings. Ann Bot 108:449-457.
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As |
Changed IAA, NAA and IBA levels |
Brassica juncea
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Srivastava et al. (2013)Srivastava S, Chiappetta A and Beatrice M (2013) Identification and profiling of arsenic stress-induced miRNAs in Brassica juncea. J Exp Bot 64:303-315.
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Cd |
Disturbed IAA homeostasis. |
Barley |
Zelinová et al. (2015)Zelinová V, Alemayehu A, Bocová B, Huttová J and Tamás L (2015) Cadmium-induced reactive oxygen species generation, changes in morphogenic responses and activity of some enzymes in barley root tip are regulated by auxin. Biologia 70:356-364.
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Suppressed primary root elongation |
Arabidopsis |
Besson-Bard et al. (2009)Besson-Bard A, Gravot A, Richaud P, Auroy P, Taconnat L, Renou J, Pugin A and Wendehenne D (2009) Nitric oxide contributes to cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis by promoting cadmium accumulation in roots and by up-regulating genes related to iron uptake. Plant Physiol 149:1302-1315.
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Exogenous IAA application |
Increased the biomass of roots in soil moderately contaminated with Pb |
Helianthus annuus
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Liphadzi et al. (2006)Liphadzi MS, Kirkham MB and Paulsen GM (2006) Auxin-enhanced root growth for phytoremediation of sewage-sludge amended soil. Environ Technol 27:695-704.
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Improved growth after exposition to As |
Brassica juncea
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Srivastava et al. (2013)Srivastava S, Chiappetta A and Beatrice M (2013) Identification and profiling of arsenic stress-induced miRNAs in Brassica juncea. J Exp Bot 64:303-315.
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Exogenous of auxin precursor |
Enhanced plant growth and yield under Cd stress |
Rice |
Farooq et al. (2015)Farooq H, Asghar HN, Khan MY, Saleem M and Zahir ZA (2015) Auxin-mediated growth of rice in cadmium-contaminated soil. Turkish J Agric For 39:272-276.
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Exogenous natural and synthetic auxin application |
Increased phytoremediation efficiency in wastewater treatment |
Wetland and non-wetland |
Tandon et al. (2015)Tandon SA, Kumar R and Parsana S (2015) Auxin treatment of wetland and non-wetland plant species to enhance their phytoremediation efficiency to treat municipal wastewater. J Sci Ind Res 74:702-707.
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Co-application of selenium (Se) and auxin |
Reduced As-induced stress |
Rice |
Pandey and Gupta (2015)Pandey C and Gupta M (2015) Selenium and auxin mitigates arsenic stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by combining the role of stress indicators, modulators and genotoxicity assay. J Hazard Mater 287:384-391.
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IAA-Asp |
Modulated catalase and peroxidase activity, induced protein carbonylation and decreased hydrogen peroxide concentration |
Pea |
Ostrowski et al. (2016)Ostrowski M, Ciarkowska A and Jakubowska A (2016) The auxin conjugate indole-3-acetyl-aspartate affects responses to cadmium and salt stress in Pisum sativum L . J Plant Physiol 191:63-72.
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Exogenous NAA application |
Enhanced hemicellulose 1 content and the amount of Cd2+ fixed in the roots |
Arabidopsis |
Zhu et al. (2013)Zhu XF, Wang ZW, Dong F, Lei GJ, Shi YZ, Li GX and Zheng SJ (2013) Exogenous auxin alleviates cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by stimulating synthesis of hemicellulose 1 and increasing the cadmium fixation capacity of root cell walls. J Hazard Mater 263:98-403.
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BRASSINOSTEROID
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Exogenous application of 24-epiBL |
Enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ameliorated Ni-stress |
Brassica juncea
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Kanwar et al. (2013)Kanwar MK, Bhardwaj R, Chowdhary SP, Arora P, Priyanka Sharma and Kumar S (2013) Isolation and characterization of 24-Epibrassinolide from Brassica juncea L. and its effects on growth, Ni ion uptake, antioxidant defence of Brassica plants and in vitro cytotoxicity. Acta Physiol Plant 35:1351-1362.
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Raphanus sativus
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Sharma et al. (2011a)Sharma I, Pati PK and Bhardwaj R (2011a) Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on oxidative stress markers induced by nickel-ion in Raphanus sativus L. Acta Physiol Plant 33:1723-1735.
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Vigna radiate
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Yusuf et al. (2012)Yusuf M, Fariduddin Q and Ahmad A (2012) 24-Epibrassinolide modulates growth, nodulation, antioxidant system, and osmolyte in tolerant and sensitive varieties of Vigna radiata under different levels of nickel: A shotgun approach. Plant Physiol Biochem 57:143-153.
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Exogenous application of 28-homoBL |
Elevated CAT, POD, and SOD activity, protecting against Ni toxicity |
Wheat |
Yusuf et al. (2010)Yusuf M, Fariduddin Q, Hayat S, Hasan SA and Ahmad A (2010) Protective response of 28-Homobrassinolide in cultivars of Triticum aestivum with different levels of nickel. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60:68-76.
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Exogenous application of homoBL |
Improved Cd-tolerance by increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD and SOD) |
Brassica juncea
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Hayat et al. (2007)Hayat S, Ali B, Hasan SA and Ahmad A (2007) Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of antioxidants under cadmium stress in Brassica juncea. Environ Exp Bot 60:33-41.
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Exogenous application of 24-epiBL |
Enhanced Cd tolerance |
Phaseolus vulgaris
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Rady (2011)Rady MM (2011) Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, yield, antioxidant system and cadmium content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L .) plants under salinity and cadmium stress. Sci Hortic 129:232-237.
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Exogenous application of 28-homoBL/ 24-epiBL |
Reduced damage under Cd stress |
Tomatoes |
Hasan et al. (2011)Hasan SA, Hayat S and Ahmad A (2011) Brassinosteroids protect photosynthetic machinery against the cadmium induced oxidative stress in two tomato cultivars. Chemosphere 84:1446-1451.
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Exogenous application of BRs |
Enhanced antioxidant system activity and improved fruit yield and quality under Cd stress |
Solanum lycopersicum
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Hayat (2012)Hayat S (2012) Foliar spray of brassinosteroid enhances yield and quality of Solanum lycopersicum under cadmium stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 19:325-335.
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Exogenous application with 28-homoBL |
Induced protection against Cd stress |
Cicer arietinum
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Hasan et al. (2008)Hasan SA, Hayat S, Ali B and Ahmad A (2008) 28-Homobrassinolide protects chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from cadmium toxicity by stimulating antioxidants. Environ Pollut 151:60-66.
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BR treatment |
Enhanced antioxidant activity under heavy metal stress |
Brassica juncea
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Fariduddin et al. (2009)Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M, Hayat S and Ahmad A (2009) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant capacity and photosynthesis in Brassica juncea plants exposed to different levels of copper. Environ Exp Bot 66:418-424.
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Raphanus sativus
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Kapoor et al. (2014)Kapoor D, Rattan A, Gautam V, Kapoor N, Bhardwaj R, Kapoor D, Rattan A, Gautam V and Kapoor N (2014) 24-Epibrassinolide mediated changes in photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative defence system of radish seedlings under cadmium and mercury stress. Physiol Biochem 10:110-121.
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Radish |
Ramakrishna and Rao (2013)Ramakrishna B and Rao SSR (2013) Preliminary studies on the involvement of glutathione metabolism and redox status against zinc toxicity in radish seedlings by. Environ Exp Bot 96:52-58.
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Anuradha and Rao (2007)Anuradha S and Rao SSR (2007) Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on the growth and antioxidant enzyme activities in radish seedlings under lead toxicity. Indian J Plant Physiol 12:396-400.
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Choudhary et al. (2011)Choudhary SP, Kanwar M, Bhardwaj R, Gupta BD and Gupta RK (2011) Epibrassinolide ameliorates Cr (VI) stress via influencing the levels of indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, polyamines and antioxidant system of radish seedlings. Chemosphere 84:592-600.
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Tomato |
Rady and Osman (2012)Rady MM and Osman AS (2012) Response of growth and antioxidant system of heavy metal-contaminated tomato plants to 24-epibrassinolide. Afr J Agric Res 7:3249-3254.
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Raphanus sativus L. |
Sharma et al. (2011b)Sharma I, Pati PK and Bhardwaj R (2011b) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant defence system in Raphanus sativus L. under chromium toxicity. Ecotoxicology 20:862-874.
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ETHYLENE
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Cu |
Induced the expression of the ACS genes |
Potatoes |
Schlagnhaufer et al. (1997)Schlagnhaufer CD, Arteca RN and Pell EJ (1997) Sequential expression of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L .) leaves. Plant Mol Biol 35:683-688.
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Cr |
Increased expression of four ethylene biosynthesis-related genes (ACS1, ACS2, ACO4, and ACO5) |
Rice |
Steffens (2014)Steffens B (2014) The role of ethylene and ROS in salinity, heavy metal, and flooding responses in rice. Front Plant Sci 5:685.
Trinh et al. (2014)Trinh N, Huang T, Chi W, Fu S and Chen C (2014) Chromium stress response effect on signal transduction and expression of signaling genes in rice. Physiol Plant 150 150:205-224.
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Cd |
Induced the biosynthesis of ACC and ethylene |
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Schellingen et al. (2014)Schellingen K, Straeten D Van Der, Vandenbussche F, Prinsen E and Remans T (2014) Cadmium-induced ethylene production and responses in Arabidopsis thaliana rely on ACS2 and ACS6 gene expression. BMC Plant Biol 14:214.
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Pb |
Increased transcript levels of EIN2
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Arabidopsis |
Cao et al. (2009)Cao S, Chen Z, Liu G, Jiang L, Yuan H, Ren G, Bian X, Jian H and Ma X (2009) The Arabidopsis Ethylene-Insensitive 2 gene is required for lead resistance. Plant Physiol Biochem 47:308-312.
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Li |
Ethylene insensitive etr1-1 and ein3-3 mutants were less sensitive to stress |
Arabidopsis |
Bueso et al. (2007)Bueso E, Alejandro S, Carbonell P, Perez-Amador MA, Fayos J, Bellés JM, Rodriguez PL and Serrano R (2007) The lithium tolerance of the Arabidopsis cat2 mutant reveals a cross-talk between oxidative stress and ethylene. Plant J 52:1052-1065.
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