Association between sociodemographics factors and dietary patterns during pregnancy

Castro, Maria Beatriz Trindade De; Souza, Rita Adriana Gomes De; Vilela, Ana Amélia Freitas; Kac, Gilberto

doi:10.1590/1415-52732014000200004

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Brasil

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Sumário

Original Articles • Rev. Nutr. 27 (02) • Mar-Apr 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1415-52732014000200004 copy

Association between sociodemographics factors and dietary patterns during pregnancy

Associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e padrões de consumo alimentar durante a gestação

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the association between socio-demographic factors and dietary patterns in pregnancy.

METHODS:

Cross-sectional study with baseline data from a cohort of 421 postpartum women aged 18 and 45 years resident in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Dietary intake was evaluated with a validated food frequency questionnaire at 15 days following delivery, having as time frame the second and third pregnancy trimesters. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis for principal components analysis. The association between socio-demographic factors and the identified dietary patterns was assessed with multiple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS:

Two dietary patterns were identified: i) healthy: fruits; green vegetables; vegetables; fish; roots, corn and potato; milk and dairy and herbal tea mate, and negatively loadings for alcohol and coffee and ii) mixed: rice; bean; flour and pasta; breads; cake and cookies; soda and juice; sugar and sweets; fatty foods; meats; chicken; and eggs. The linear regression showed that the income (β=0.0002; 95%CI: 0.0002-0.0004) and schooling (β=0.0491; 95%CI: 0.0264-0.0718) were positively associated with healthy pattern, and parity (β=-0.1044; 95%CI: -0.1665- -0.0423) and skin color (β=-0.3102; 95%CI: -0.5256- -0.0947) were negatively associated. Skin color (β=0.1647; 95%CI: 0.0378- 0.2916) and marital status (β=0.1065; 95%CI: 0.0062- 0.2067) were positively associated with mixed pattern and income (β=-0.0001; 95%CI:-0.0002- -0.0001) and schooling (β=-0.0281; 95%CI: -0.0417- -0.0146) were negatively associated.

CONCLUSION:

Socio-demographic factors such as income, schooling, skin color, marital status and parity were associated with dietary patterns in this sample of postpartum women residents in Rio de Janeiro.

Demographic data; Factor analysis; Food consumption; Pregnant women; Socioeconomic factors

Foods and food groups	Dietary pattern
	Factor loadings²		^h2
	Healthy	Mixed	^h2
Fruits	0.537	0.175	0.71
Green vegetables	0.455	-0.073	0.72
Vegetables	0.439	0.039	0.73
Fish	0.261	0.034	0.60
Roots, corn, and potato	0.296	0.083	0.68
Milk and dairy products	0.443	-0.049	0.74
Alcoholic beverages and coffee	-0.210	0.096	0.59
Herbal mate tea	0.283	-0.070	0.64
Rice	-0.306	0.355	0.59
Bean	-0.201	0.332	0.55
Flours and pasta	0.029	0.260	0.59
Breads	-0.056	0.555	0.69
Cakes and cookies-crackers	0.101	0.266	0.60
Soda and juices	0.130	0.307	0.74
Sugar and sweets	-0.034	0.257	0.54
Fatty foods	0.075	0.516	0.66
Meats	0.291	0.328	0.66
Chicken	-0.029	0.250	0.70
Eggs	-0.095	0.271	0.62
Number of items	8	11
Eigenvalues	2.24	2.22
Final communalities	1.43	1.41
% of variance explained	11.79	11.69
% of cumulative variance explained	11.79	23.48

Variables	Dietary pattern				p value^*
	Healthy		Mixed
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (years)	28.4	5.79	24.7	5.76	<0.001
Total energy intake (kcal)	2.867	653	3.874	666	<0.001
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	22.6	3.24	22.5	4.05	0.889
Income (reais)	1.038	995	569	414	<0.001
Schooling (years)	8.1	3.45	6.0	2.75	<0.001
	N	%	N	%	p value^*
Parity					0.746
<1	22	38.6	29	41.4
=2	35	61.4	41	58.6
Skin color					<0.001
White	38	54.3	26	24.5
Brown/Black	32	45.7	80	75.5
Marital status					0.029
Married or stable partnership	59	84.3	74	69.8
Single/Other	11	15.7	32	30.2

			Healthy pattern
Variables		Bivariate linear regression				Multiple linear regression
	ß	p value^*	95%CI	ß		p value^**	95%CI
Age (years)	0.0184	0.005	[0.0056] - [0.0312]	-		-	-
Total energy intake (kcal)	0.0003	<0.001	[0.0002] - [0.0004]	-		-	-
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)^†	-0.0068	0.514	[-0.0274] - [0.0137]	-		-	-
Income (reais)	0.0003	<0.001	[0.0002] - [0.0004]	0.0002		<0.001	[0.0001] - [0.0004]
Schooling (years)	0.0493	<0.001	[0.0256] - [0.0729]	0.0491		<0.001	[0.0264] - [0.0718]
Parity (n)	-0.0321	0.271	[-0.0893] - [-0.0252]	-0.1044		0.001	[-0.1665] - [-0.0423]
Skin color^††	-0.2062	0.063	[-0.4238] - [0.0114]	-0.3102		0.005	[-0.5256] - [-0.0947]
Marital status^†††	-0.1464	0.108	[-0.3249] - [-0.0321]	-0.1384		0.112	[-0.3094] - [0.0326]
			Mixed pattern
Variables		Bivariate regression				Multiple regression
	ß	p value^*	95%CI		ß	p value^**	95%CI
Age (years)	-0.0128	0.050	[-0.0256] - [-0.00001]	-		-	-
Total energy intake (kcal)	0.0008	<0.001	[0.0007] - [0.0008]	-		-	-
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)^†	-0.0160	0.124	[-0.0363] - [-0.0044]	-		-	-
Income (reais)	-0.0001	0.1363	[-0.0002] - [-0.00003]	-0.0001		<0.001	[-0.0002] - [-0.0001]
Schooling (years)	-0.0336	0.006	[-0.0572] - [-0.0099]	-0.0281		<0.001	[-0.0417] - [-0.0146]
Parity (n)	0.0230	0.415	[-0.0324] - [0.0784]	0.0328		0.083	[-0.0043] - [0.0698]
Skin color^††	0.4242	<0.001	[0.2091] - [0.6393]	0.1647		0.011	[0.0378] - [0.2916]
Marital status^†††	0.1213	0.182	[0.0570] - [0.2997]	0.1065		0.038	[0.0062] - [0.2067]

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[1] CONTRIBUTORS MBT CASTRO contributed to the data analysis, interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript; RAG SOUZA and AAF VILELA contributed in the interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript; and G KAC participated in the design and coordination of the study, interpretation of data, and drafting the manuscript. All authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.