Trends in food consumption of schoolchildren from 2nd to 5th grade: a panel data analysis

PEREIRA, Luciana Jeremias; HINNIG, Patrícia de Fragas; DI PIETRO, Patrícia Faria; ASSIS, Maria Alice Altenburg de; VIEIRA, Francilene Gracieli Kunradi

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202033e190164

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Sumário

ORIGINAL • Rev Nutr 33 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e190164 copy

Trends in food consumption of schoolchildren from 2nd to 5th grade: a panel data analysis

Tendências no consumo alimentar de escolares do 2º ao 5º ano: uma análise de dados em painel

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To identify trends in food consumption among schoolchildren (2nd-5th grades) from public schools in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil, in a period of three years.

Methods

Three cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2013 (n=1,942), 2014 (n=1,989) and 2015 (n=2,418). Dietary intake data were obtained using the Web-Based Food Intake and Physical Activity of Schoolchildren questionnaire. Food items were aggregated to eight food groups. Kruskal-Wallis heterogeneity and trend tests were used to analyze the differences and trends among the mean intake frequency of food groups.

Results

There were trends to decrease the mean intake frequency of sweets in the total sample (2013: 0.72±0.91; 2014: 0.68±0.87; 2015: 0.67±0.89, p=0.03) which was determined by children between 7-9 years old (2013: 0.69±0.88; 2014: 0.64±0.85; 2015: 0.62±0.87, p=0.02), and boys (2013: 0.75±0.90; 2014: 0.70±0.86; 2015: 0.68±0.88, p=0.03). Younger children also tended to increase the mean intake frequency of fruits and vegetables (2013: 1.03±1.35; 2014: 1.16±1.45; 2015: 1.17±1.41, p=0.03) and those aged ten-12 years decreased their intake of dairy products (2013: 1.32±1.25; 2014: 1.23±1.18; 2015: 1.20±1.20, p=0.05).

Conclusion

The results suggest positive trends for younger children, with an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables in both sexes and decreased consumption of sweets for boys. Older children reduced their consumption of dairy products over the three-year period of this study.

Keywords
Child; Food consumption; Nutritional surveillance

Characteristics		2013 (n=1,942)		2014 (n=1,989)		2015 (n=2,418)		p ^c c Pearson’s Chi-squared test; n: Absolute frequency; %: Relative frequency.
Characteristics		n	%	n	%	n	%
Age (years)
	7 to 9	1,146	59.01	1,231	61.89	1,341	55.46	<0.001
	10 to 12	796	40.99	758	38.11	1,077	44.54
Sex
	Boys	992	51.08	985	49.52	1,235	51.08	0.520
	Girls	950	48.92	1,004	50.48	1,183	48.92
School period
	Morning	956	49.23	901	45.30	1,108	45.82	<0.001
	Afternoon	986	50.77	1,022	51.38	1,243	51.41
	Full-time	0		66	3.32	67	2.77
Weight status^a a Onis et al. [20] (BMI)
	Non-overweight	1,315	67.71	1,244	62.54	1,580	65.34	<0.001
	Overweight	627	32.29	745	37.46	838	34.66
Day of the week reported
	Non-school days	340	17.51	525	26.40	523	21.63	<0.001
	School days	1,602	82.49	1,464	73.60	1,895	78.37
Tertiles of income^b b Income based on the average census sector income of the school located area;
	1º tertile (lowest)	693	35.68	701	35.24	843	34.86	0.040
	2º tertile	607	31.26	625	31.42	843	34.86
	3º tertile	642	33.06	663	33.33	732	30.27

Food groups	2013		2014		2015		p
Food groups	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p
Dairy products	1.24	1.29	1.16	1.20	1.16	1.20	0.35^a a Kruskal-Wallis test;
Cereals	3.53^c c Significant for Mann-Whitney post-test.	1.76	3.38^c c Significant for Mann-Whitney post-test.	1.72	3.40	1.73	0.01^a a Kruskal-Wallis test;
Beans	0.80	0.81	0.76	0.79	0.80	0.82	0.26^a a Kruskal-Wallis test;
Meat, eggs and seafood	1.10	0.93	1.04	0.93	1.10	0.94	0.08^a a Kruskal-Wallis test;
Fruits and vegetables	1.04	1.30	1.13	1.39	1.12	1.35	0.19^a a Kruskal-Wallis test;
Pizza, hamburger, hot dog, processed and fried food	1.07	1.28	1.04	1.23	1.01	1.22	0.24^b b Kruskal-Wallis trend test;
Sweets	0.72	0.91	0.68	0.87	0.67	0.89	0.03^b b Kruskal-Wallis trend test;
Sugary drinks	1.55	1.41	1.47	1.32	1.58	1.39	0.06^a a Kruskal-Wallis test;

Characteristics		Dairy products		Cereals		Beans		Meat, eggs and seafood		Fruits and vegetables
Characteristics		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (years)
7 to 9
	2013	1.18	1.32	3.43	1.81	0.81	0.82	1.05	0.96	1.03^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	1.35
	2014	1.12	1.21	3.40	1.77	0.79	0.81	1.01	0.97	1.16^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	1.45
	2015	1.13	1.21	3.31	1.75	0.81	0.84	1.04	0.97	1.17^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	1.41
10 to 12
	2013	1.32^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	1.25	3.68^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	1.67	0.78	0.80	1.17	0.89	1.05	1.23
	2014	1.23^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	1.18	3.35^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	1.64	0.72	0.77	1.09	0.86	1.09	1.30
	2015	1.20^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	1.20	3.52^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test;	1.70	0.80	0.80	1.17	0.89	1.05	1.27
Sex
Girls
	2013	1.29	1.32	3.64	1.74	0.81	0.81	1.11	0.89	1.23	1.45
	2014	1.23	1.22	3.52	1.71	0.75	0.78	1.03	0.91	1.28	1.43
	2015	1.25	1.22	3.56	1.67	0.80	0.79	1.08	0.90	1.28	1.41
Boys
	2013	1.19	1.27	3.43^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014; ^b b Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2015;	1.78	0.79	0.81	1.08	0.97	0.85	1.11
	2014	1.09	1.18	3.24^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	1.71	0.77	0.81	1.05	0.95	0.97	1.34
	2015	1.08	1.18	3.25^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^b b Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2015;	1.77	0.81	0.85	1.12	0.97	0.96	1.27
Weight status (BMI)
Non-overweight
	2013	1.25	1.30	3.53	1.79	0.80	0.81	1.06	0.91	1.03	1.30
	2014	1.18	1.22	3.44	1.72	0.78	0.80	1.05	0.95	1.11	1.37
	2015	1.19	1.21	3.46	1.76	0.84	0.85	1.11	0.96	1.11	1.33
Overweight
	2013	1.21	1.29	3.53^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	1.69	0.79	0.82	1.19^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	0.97	1.05	1.30
	2014	1.13	1.17	3.29^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	1.70	0.74	0.77	1.03^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^a a Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2013 and 2014;	0.88	1.16	1.44
	2015	1.11	1.18	3.32^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test;	1.68	0.74	0.76	1.08^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test;	0.91	1.14	1.39

Characteristics		Pizzas, hamburgers, hot dogs,processed and fried foods		Sweets		Sugary drinks
Characteristics		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (years)
7 to 9
	2013	1.11	1.33	0.69^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	0.88	1.41	1.35
	2014	1.05	1.28	0.64^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	0.85	1.35	1.29
	2015	1.05	1.27	0.62^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	0.87	1.49	1.40
10 to 12
	2013	1.00	1.20	0.77	0.94	1.74	1.47
	2014	1.02	1.15	0.73	0.90	1.66	1.33
	2015	0.96	1.16	0.73	0.92	1.69	1.36
Sex
Girls
	2013	0.95	1.17	0.69	0.91	1.59	1.43
	2014	0.91	1.17	0.65	0.88	1.59	1.35
	2015	0.86	1.11	0.66	0.90	1.67	1.38
Boys
	2013	1.18	1.37	0.75^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	0.90	1.51^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^§ § Not significant for Mann-Whitney Post-test.	1.39
	2014	1.17	1.28	0.70^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	0.86	1.35^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^§ § Not significant for Mann-Whitney Post-test.	1.27
	2015	1.16	1.30	0.68^ Significant for Kruskal-Wallis trend test;	0.88	1.49^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^§ § Not significant for Mann-Whitney Post-test.	1.39
Weight status (BMI)
Non-overweight
	2013	1.08	1.29	0.76	0.91	1.55	1.42
	2014	1.05	1.24	0.71	0.90	1.51	1.34
	2015	1.03	1.23	0.72	0.91	1.57	1.39
Overweight
	2013	1.03	1.25	0.64	0.90	1.54^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test;	1.39
	2014	1.02	1.22	0.61	0.82	1.41^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^c c Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2014 and 2015;	1.28
	2015	0.98	1.21	0.57	0.84	1.61^* * Significant for Kruskal-Wallis test; ^c c Significant difference in Mann-Whitney Post-test between 2014 and 2015;	1.39

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[1] Correspondence to: PF HINNIG. E-mail: phinnig@yahoo.com.br.