Food consumption of children enrolled in five municipal schools according to socio-demographics characteristics

LINHARES, Angélica Ozorio; CLEFF, Mariana Marins; VIANA, Manuela Ferreira; NEVES, Rafaela de Oliveira; GIGANTE, Denise Petrucci

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202033e200123

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Sumário

Original • Rev Nutr 33 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e200123 copy

Food consumption of children enrolled in five municipal schools according to socio-demographics characteristics

Consumo alimentar de crianças matriculadas em cinco escolas municipais de educação infantil por características sociodemográficas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To describe children food consumption in the five municipal schools in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, and their main characteristics.

Methods

Cross-sectional study of children enrolled in five municipal schools. The mothers were interviewed at the school. The questionnaire about habitual food consumption was based on the guidelines of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. The data were entered in EpiData 3.1 and reviewed in Stata 14.0. The consumption frequency was reported according to each exposure category. Statistical tests based on Chi-Square test with 5% significance level and adjusted analyses through Poisson regression were used.

Results

A total of 548 children were included. Females represented 51.1% of the total sample; the average age was 48.3 months. Children up to two years of age were those who consumed the most fruits and vegetables while sweets were mostly consumed by older children, aged between three and four years. Unhealthy foods had a high frequency of consumption, with sweet being the most consumed (58.8%), followed by packet snacks (53.3%). In the adjusted analysis, eating meals in front of the screens remained associated with lower consumption of vegetables.

Conclusion

Eating meals in front of the screens reduces children’s vegetables consumption. At the same time, the child’s age and maternal education seem to have some influence on the consumption of unhealthy foods, indicating the need for nutritional education interventions.

Keywords
Food consumption; Child; Infant nutrition

Characteristics		Children from 1-6 years (n=548)
Characteristics		n	%
Gender
	Male	267	48.7
	Female	281	51.3
Age (months)^* * For eleven children, there was information on age, but there was no information on consumption;
	0–24.0	59	10.6
	24.1–36.0	83	14.9
	36.1-48.0	110	19.7
	48.1-60.0	146	26.1
	=60.1	161	28.8
Mother’s education^ For four children there was no information on mother’s education (n=544); MW: Minimum Wage.
	1–5 years	59	10.9
	6–9 years	150	27.6
	10–12 years	251	46.1
	=13 years	84	15.4
Family income
	1^st tertile (+poor)	183	33.4
	2^nd tertile	188	34.3
	3^rd tertile (+wealthy)	177	32.3
Screen time
	0-60 min	205	37.4
	61-120 min	121	22.1
	=121 min	222	40.5
Meals in front of the screen
	No	275	50.2
	Yes	273	49.8

Food		Total
Food		n	%	CI95%
Healthy food consumption
	Fruits	503	91.8	89.5-94.1
	Vegetables	455	83.0	79.9-86.2
	Beans	511	93.3	91.1-95.4
Unhealthy food consumption
	Nuggets/hamburger/sausages	245	44.7	40.5-48.9
	Packet snacks	292	53.3	49.1-57.5
	Instant noodles	204	37.2	33.2-41.3
	Stuffed biscuit/ready-mix cake^* * For a child there was no information about cake consumption; CI: Confidence Interval.	293	53.5	49.4-57.8
	Sweets or treats	322	58.8	54.6-62.9

Variables		Fruits		p of trend	Vegetables		p of trend	Beans		p of trend
Variables		n	%	p of trend	n	%	p of trend	n	%	p of trend
Gender				0.518			0.401			0.993
	Male	243	91.0		218	81.7		249	93.3
	Female	260	92.5		237	84.3		262	93.2
Age (months)				0.933			0.059			0.475
	0-24	56	94.9		54	91.5		55	93.2
	24.1-36	76	92.7		73	89.0		77	93.9
	36.1-48	93	90.3		83	80.6		97	94.2
	48.1-60	127	92.7		110	80.3		128	93.4
	=60.1	131	92.9		115	81.6		129	91.5
Mother’s education				0.535			0.816			0.313
	1-5 years	53	89.8		50	84.8		58	98.3
	6-9 years	138	92.0		126	84.0		139	92.7
	10-12 years	229	91.2		201	80.1		235	93.6
	=13 years	79	94.0		75	89.3		77	91.7
Family income				0.633			0.788			0.178
	1^st tertile	168	91.8		155	84.7		175	95.6
	2^nd tertile	170	90.4		148	78.7		173	92.0
	3^rd tertile	165	93.2		152	85.9		163	92.1
	Screen time			0.189			0.020			0.130
	0-60 min	195	95.1		179	87.3		195	95.1
	61-120 min	105	86.8		101	83.5		113	93.4
	=121 min	203	91.4		175	78.8		203	91.4
Meals in front of the screen				0.154			0.008			0.120
	Yes	246	90.1		215	78.8		250	91.6
	No	257	93.5		240	87.3		261	94.9

Variables		Stuffed meat		p of trend	Snacks		p of trend	Noodles		p of trend	Cookies		p of trend	Sweets		p of trend
Variables		n	%	p of trend	n	%	p of trend	n	%	p of trend	n	%	p of trend	n	%	p of trend
Gender				0.453			0.575			0.437			0.392			0.086
	Male	115	43.1		139	52.1		95	35.6		223	83.5		147	55.1
	Female	130	46.3		153	54.5		109	38.8		226	80.7		175	62.3
Age (months)				0.001			0.003			0.019			0.646			0.040
	0-24	14	23.7		19	32.2		13	22.0		48	81.4		21	35.6
	24.1-36	35	42.7		40	48.8		29	35.4		70	85.4		44	53.7
	36.1-48	40	38.8		56	54.4		41	39.8		85	85.5		70	68.0
	48.1-60	75	54.7		83	60.6		52	38.0		110	80.9		84	61.3
	=60.1	71	50.4		81	57.5		61	43.3		115	81.6		83	58.9
Mother’s education				0.000			0.000			0.000			0.203			0.046
	1-5 years	36	61.0		38	64.4		32	54.2		53	89.8		43	72.8
	6-9 years	73	48.0		93	61.2		66	43.4		124	82.1		89	58.6
	10-12 years	29	52.7		34	61.8		25	45.5		46	83.6		40	72.7
	=13 years	105	37.8		123	44.2		79	28.4		223	80.2		146	52.5
Family income				0.940			0.612			0.200			0.652			0.425
	1^st tertile	80	43.7		100	54.6		74	40.4		153	83.6		110	60.1
	2^nd tertile	87	46.3		100	53.2		70	37.2		152	80.9		113	60.1
	3^rd tertile	78	44.1		92	52.0		60	33.9		144	81.8		99	55.9
Screen time				0.231			0.009			0.201			0.798			0.050
	0-60 min	84	41.0		98	47.8		72	35.1		167	81.5		109	53.2
	61-120 min	57	47.1		60	49.6		41	33.9		99	82.5		74	61.2
	=121 min	104	46.9		134	60.4		91	41.0		183	82.4		139	62.6
Meals in front of the screen				0.738			0.013			0.067			0.808			0.426
	Yes	124	45.4		160	58.6		112	41.0		223	81.7		165	60.4
	No	121	44.0		132	48.0		92	33.5		226	82.5		157	57.1

Variables		Adjusted analysis
		Fruits		Vegetables			Beans			Embedded
		Prevalence ratio	CI95%	Prevalence ratio	CI95%		Prevalence ratio	CI95%		Prevalence ratio	CI95%
Gender		p=0.39		p=0.34			p=0.86			p=0.59
	Male	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	Female	1.02	0.97-1.07	1.03	0.96-1.12		1.01	0.96-1.06		1.05	0.87-1.26
Age (months)		p=0.97		p=0.02			p=0.35		p<0.01
	0-24	1.01	0.94-1.10	1.12	1.00-1.27		1.03	0.94-1.14		0.53	0.33-0.87
	24.1-36	0.99	0.92-1.07	1.09	0.98-1.22		1.04	0.96-1.11		0.89	0.66-1.19
	36.1-48	0.97	0.90-1.05	1.00	0.88-1.13		1.04	0.98-1.12		0.79	0.59-1.05
	48.1-60	1.00	0.93-1.07	0.99	0.89-1.11		1.03	0.97-1.10		1.10	0.88-1.38
	=60.1	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	Mothers’ education	p=0.39		p=0.62			p=0.18			p<0.01
	1-5 years	1.00	-	1.00		1.00			1.00
	6-9 years	1.06	0.95-1.18	0.96	0.84-1.08		0.92	0.88-0.97		0.76	0.59-0.97
	10-12 years	1.03	0.93-1.15	0.90	0.80-1.02		0.94	0.91-0.97		0.67	0.53-0.85
	=13 years	1.07	0.96-1.08	0.99	0.85-1.14		0.92	0.84-0.99		0.41	0.27-0.62
Family income		p=0.71		p=0.78			p=0.29			p=0.10
	1^st tertile	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	2^nd tertile	0.98	0.92-1.04	0.92	0.83-1.01		0.96	0.91-1.01		1.06	0.85-1.34
	3^rd tertile	1.01	0.95-0.99	0.97	0.88-1.08		0.97	0.91-1.03		1.23	0.98-1.55
Screen time		p=0.24		p=0.24			p=0.12			p=0.44
	0-60 min	1.03	0.98-1.09	1.06	0.96-1.16		1.09	1.00-1.19		0.92	0.73-1.15
	61-120 min	0.95	0.87-1.03	1.04	0.96-1.15		1.04	0.99-1.10		0.97	0.77-1.23
	=121 min	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
Meals in front of the screen		p=0.25		p=0.05			p=0.35			p=0.46
	Yes	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	No	1.03	0.98-1.08	1.08	1.00-1.17		1.02	0.88-1.01		1.08	0.89-1.30
Variables		Adjusted analysis
		Chips		Spaghetti			Cookies			Sweets
		Prevalence ratio	CI95%	Prevalence ratio	CI95%		Prevalence ratio	CI95%		Prevalence ratio	CI95%
Gender		p=0.60		p=0.31			p=0.71			p=0.08
	Male	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	Female	1.05	0.89-1.23	1.13	0.91-1.40		1.03	0.88-1.20		1.14	0.98-1.32
Age (months)		p=0.01		p=0.08			p<0.01			p=0.05
	0-24	0.62	0.42-0.92	0.62	0.37-1.04		0.52	0.34-0.80		0.63	0.43-0.92
	24.1-36	0.89	0.68-1.16	0.89	0.63-1.25		0.86	0.67-1.10		0.92	0.72-1.17
	36.1-48	0.98	0.78-1.24	0.97	0.71-1.31		0.89	0.71-1.11		1.18	0.97-1.43
	48.1-60	1.06	0.87-1.30	0.90	0.67-1.19		1.03	0.85-1.24		1.04	0.86-1.26
	=60.1	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
Mothers’ education		p<0.01		p<0.01			p<0.01			p=0.15
	1-5 years	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	6-9 years	0.96	0.76-1.21	0.81	0.60-1.09		1.04	0.81-1.34		0.86	0.69-1.08
	10-12 years	0.76	0.60-0.97	0.64	0.48-0.86		0.95	0.74-1.22		0.82	0.67-1.01
	=13 years	0.59	0.41-0.83	0.35	0.21-0.60		0.60	0.40-0.89		0.83	0.63-1.10
Family income		p=0.22		p=0.96			p=0.65			p=0.91
	1^st tertile	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	2^nd tertile	1.01	0.83-1.23	0.91	0.70-1.19		1.06	0.88-1.28		0.99	0.83-1.18
	3^rd tertile	1.16	0.95-1.42	1.05	0.80-1.38		1.09	0.89-1.32		0.99	0.82-1.20
Screen time		p=0.25		p=0.56			p=0.25			p=0.22
	0-60 min	0.90	0.74-1.08	0.93	0.73-1.20		0.90	0.75-1.08		0.89	0.75-1.07
	61-120 min	0.85	0.68-1.05	0.82	0.61-1.11		0.90	0.73-1.10		1.01	0.84-1.22
	=121 min	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
Meals in front of the screen		p=0.19		p=0.39			p=0.94			p=0.72
	Yes	1.00		1.00			1.00			1.00
	No	0.90	0.76-1.06	0.90	0.72-1.13		1.01	0.86-1.18		1.02	0.88-1.20

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[1] Correspondence to: A.O. LINHARES. E-mail: angelica.ozorio@gmail.com.