Depression among the elderly: a population-based study in Southern Brazil

Gullich, Inês; Duro, Suele Manjourani Silva; Cesar, Juraci Almeida

doi:10.1590/1980-5497201600040001

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 19 (04) • Oct-Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600040001 copy

Depression among the elderly: a population-based study in Southern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This study assessed the prevalence of depression and associated factors among Brazilian elderly in Arroio Trinta, Southern Brazil. During home visits, a questionnaire was administered to all people aged 60 or older living in the municipality in 2013. The Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-15) was used. The χ ² test was performed to compare proportions and Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance in the multivariate analysis. The effect measure applied was the prevalence ratio. The prevalence of depression among 552 (out of 568) elderly studied was 20.4% (95%CI 17.3 - 23.8). An adjusted analysis conducted according to a predefined hierarchical model showed higher prevalence ratios of depression among females, single people, those with lower household income, smokers, and those who had been hospitalized in the 12 months preceding the interview. Engaging in leisure-time activities such as dances and religious activities or regular physical activity were protective factors for depression. Results from this study demonstrate the need of proper treatment and management of this condition at the community level.

Keywords:
Depression; Aged; Prevalence; Health surveys; Risk factors; Observational study

Characteristic	n	%
Residential area
Urban	370	67.0
Rural	182	33.0
Age of elderly (complete years)
60 to 69	326	59.1
70 to 79	169	30.6
80 or more	57	10.3
Gender
Male	251	45.5
Female	301	54.5
Color of skin (self-reported)
White/Caucasian	513	92.9
Brown	37	6.7
Black	2	0.4
Marital status
Married	396	71.7
Separated/widowed	126	22.8
Single	30	5.4
Schooling (complete years)
None	52	9.4
1 to 3	196	35.5
4	222	40.2
≥ 5	82	14.9
Family income in minimum wage(s)
Up to 1.9	35	6.4
2.0 to 2.9	222	40.2
≥ 3	295	53.4
Receive retirement benefit	530	96.0
Smoker	46	8.3
Practice of physical activity (last 7 days)	157	28.4
Participation in religious events (last 30 days)	424	77.4
Regular participation in leisure activities	449	81.3
Daily use of medication	432	78.3
Medical consultation (last 3 months)	369	66.8
Hospitalization (last 12 months)	140	25.5
Fall within the last 12 months	156	28.3
Individuals with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or depression (previously diagnosed)	360	64.7
Prevalence of depression according to the GDS-15 (n = 544)	111	20.4
Total	552	100.0

Nível	Variable	Prevalence of depression	PR (95%CI)
Nível	Variable	Prevalence of depression	Gross	Adjusted
I	Gender		p-value = 0.003	p-value = 0.027*
	Male	14.6	1.00	1.00
	Female	25.2	1.73 (1.2 - 2.48)	1.49 (1.05 - 2.13)
	Age of the elderly (complete years)		p-value = 0.062	p-value = 0.614**
	60 to 69	17.0	1.00	1.00
	70 to 79	25.4	1.49 (1.05 - 2.13)	1.17 (0.82 - 1.68)
	80 or more	25.0	1.47 (0.88 - 2.45)	1.22 (0.73 - 2.03)
	Schooling (complete years)		p-value = 0.041	p-value = 0.249**
	0 to 3	24.5	1.00	1.00
	4	19.5	0.79 (0.56 - 1.12)	0.83 (0.59 - 1.16)
	5 or more	11.0	0.44 (0.23 - 0.86)	0.62 ( 0.33 - 1.17)
	Marital status		p-value < 0.001	p-value ≤ 0.001*
	Married	15.0	1.00	1.00
	Separates/widowed	28.6	1.90 (1.32 - 2.74)	1.57 (1.05 - 2.36)
	Single	64.0	4.26 (2.92 - 6.21)	3.63 (2.32 - 5.70)
	Family income in minimum wage(s)		p-value < 0.001	p-value = 0.003**
	≥ 3	14.5	1.00	1.00
	2 to 2.9	25.0	1.72 (1.20 - 2.47)	1.79 (1.27 - 2.54)
	Up to 1.9	40.0	2.75 (1.68 - 4.51)	1.69 (0.95 - 3.02)
II	Numbers of residents per household		p-value = 0.086	p-value = 0.034**
	1	29.8	1.00	1.00
	2 or 3	18.3	0.61 (0.39 - 0.96)	1.70 (0.91 - 3.18)
	4 or more	23.1	0.77 (0.45 - 1.32)	2.34 (1.22 - 4.49)
III	Practice of physical activity (last 7 days)		p-value = 0.004	p-value = 0.083*
	No	23.8	1.00	1.00
	Yes	12.1	0.51 (0.32 - 0.80)	0.64 (041 - 1.06)
	Smoker		p-value < 0.001	p-value = 0.026*
	No	18.7	1.00	1.00
	Yes	39.1	2.09 (1.40 - 3.14)	1.67 (1.06 - 2.64)
	Use of alcohol (last 30 days)		p-value = 0.010	p-value = 0.344*
	No, never	22.7	1.00	1.00
	No, but used to	35.0	1.54 (0.83 - 2.89)	0.93 (0.56 - 1.53)
	Yes, did use	12.1	0.54 (0.33 - 0.87)	1.45 (0.85 - 2.46)
	Participation in religious events (last 30 days)		p-value < 0.001	p-value = 0.029*
	No	35.2	1.00	1.00
	Yes	15.9	0.45 (0.33 - 0.63)	0.70 (0.50 - 0.96)
	Number of leisure activities performed		p-value < 0.001	p-value = 0.004**
	None	42.9	1.00	1.00
	1	23.8	0.55 (0.37 - 0.82)	0.66 (041 - 0.98)
	2	18.3	0.43 (0.28 - 0.66)	0.63 (0.21 - 0.97)
	3 to 5	8.3	0.19 (0.11 - 0.33)	0.37 (0.21 - 0.65)
	Hospitalization (last 12 months)		p-value < 0.001	p-value = 0.001*
	No	15.6	1.00	1.00
	Yes	34.5	2.22 (1.61 - 3.06)	1.55 (1.12 - 2.14)
	Medical consultation (last 3 months)		p-value = 0.001	p-value = 0.020**
	None	15.2	1.00	1.00
	One	16.1	1.05 (0.64 - 1.72)	1.11 (0.71 - 1.72)
	Two or more	28.6	1.88 (1.24 - 2.83)	1.66 (1.12 - 2.45)

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[1] Corresponding author: Inês Gullich. Rua Emiliano Ramos Branco, 73, Centro, CEP: 88502-250, Lages, SC, Brasil. E-mail: inesgullich@gmail.com