Breed, heterosis, and recombination effects for lactation curves in Brazilian cattle

Daltro, Darlene dos Santos; Padilha, Alessandro Haiduck; Gama, Luís Telo da; Silva, Marcos Vinícius Gualberto Barbosa da; Cobuci, Jaime Araujo

doi:10.37496/rbz5020200085

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Breeding and Genetics • R. Bras. Zootec. 50 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5020200085 copy

Breed, heterosis, and recombination effects for lactation curves in Brazilian cattle

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to estimate the breed, heterosis, and recombination effects on different components of the lactation curve of Girolando cattle. The dataset used consisted of 12,121 purebred cows of Holstein (H) and Gyr (G) breeds, and six H×G crossbred cows (Girolando). The model used presents random effects of herd and cow, regression coefficient associated with linear effect of proportion of H breed, regression coefficient associated with the linear effect of heterosis between H and G breeds, regression coefficient associated with the linear effect of recombination between H and G breeds, and random effect of residual. Dijkstra's (DJ), Nelder's (ND), Wilmink's (WL), and Wood's (WD) models were tested to fit production records of these different genetic groups. These models were then tested according to evaluation criteria of quality of fit (AIC, BIC, and RMSE), and the two best models (WD and WL) were chosen for estimation of 305-day milk yield (MY₃₀₅), peak yield, time to peak, and persistency of milk yield. The breed effect was significant for all traits and components of the lactation curve. The heterosis effect was significant for all traits, and was more significant for MY₃₀₅ (945.62±79.17 kg). Peak yield was the component of lactation curve that presented the most significant heterosis effect, partially explaining the heterosis effect (12 to 21%) found for MY₃₀₅. The recombination effect was positive only for lactation period and time to peak of lactation in Girolando cows.

Keywords:
crossbreeding; dairy cattle; peak yield; persistency

Genetic group	Percentage of Holstein gene	Number of herds	Number of cows	Number of lactations
H	100	103	566	4,138
1/4H	25.00	102	265	1,973
1/2H	50.00	262	2,590	20,221
3/4H	75.00	260	3,756	31,091
3/8H	37.50	75	311	2,487
5/8H	62.50	252	3,345	26,070
7/8H	87.50	118	990	8,255
G	0	49	298	2,196

Genetic group	Model	Statistics
Genetic group	Model	RMSE	AIC	BIC
1/2H	DJ	6.62	398247.10	109191.80
	ND	6.63	398344.60	109289.30
	WL	4.44	33677.03	10610.68
	WD	5.89	39284.16	11015.49
1/4H	DJ	6.62	33431.66	10965.52
	ND	6.62	33435.94	10969.8
	WL	3.00	1730.95	573.65
	WD	6.04	2332.65	949.82
3/4H	DJ	6.07	547022.80	142317.70
	ND	6.08	547158.70	142453.60
	WL	5.36	38744.64	11672.26
	WD	5.79	40696.00	12555.42
3/8H	DJ	6.28	34478.70	11089.20
	ND	6.29	34481.31	11091.82
	WL	3.38	917.84	345.93
	WD	5.82	2622.66	1042.57
5/8H	DJ	5.95	416643.50	109581.80
	ND	5.95	416673.80	109612.20
	WL	4.90	16594.17	5198.85
	WD	5.69	27672.23	8754.99
7/8H	DJ	5.98	129813.10	37108.36
	ND	5.99	129842.00	37137.19
	WL	5.78	8955.89	3143.69
	WD	5.78	8955.89	3143.69
G	DJ	5.68	703254.4	175647.10
	ND	6.39	1551512	385150.30
	WL	5.77	707686.80	177731.60
	WD	5.25	341.06	170.42
H	DJ	6.81	1540181.00	391394.20
	ND	6.82	1540457.00	391670.00
	WL	5.77	6505.87	2480.74
	WD	6.83	707686.80	177731.60

Genetic group	Model	Parameter
Genetic group	Model	a	b	c	d
1/2H	DJ	16.2114±0.3033	0.0089±0.0011	0.025±0.003	0.0013±0.0008
	ND	0.1340±0.0844	0.0451±0.0003	0.005±0.000	-
	WL	21.0371±0.1026	−7.6036±0.4224	−0.017±0.005	-
	WD	12.9066±0.3023	0.1305±0.0068	0.001±0.007	-
1/4H	DJ	12.1689±0.1427	0.0242±0.0131	0.0541±0.0184	0.0010±0.0001
	ND	0.1740±0.0342	0.0505±0.0014	0.0064±0.0008	-
	WL	18.6106±0.3189	−7.6573±1.2799	−0.0151±0.0019	-
	WD	11.2821±0.9193	0.1321±0.0239	0.0018±0.0002	-
3/4H	DJ	15.3844±0.2400	0.0107±0.0009	0.0262±0.0022	0.0013±0.0006
	ND	0.1731±0.0074	0.0443±0.0003	0.0061±0.0001	-
	WL	21.0555±0.0816	−9.1222±0.3369	−0.018±0.0004	-
	WD	11.7012±0.2251	0.1562±0.0055	0.0021±0.0005	-
3/8H	DJ	13.6123±1.4558	0.0158±0.0117	0.0524±0.0250	0.0010±0.0001
	ND	0.1168±0.0307	0.0529±0.0014	0.0071±0.0008	-
	WL	18.0382±0.0322	−5.1545±1.2462	−0.0161±0.0017	-
	WD	12.7554±0.9977	0.0926±0.0230	0.0016±0.0002	-
5/8H	DJ	13.6231±0.3816	0.0144±0.0027	0.0061±0.0001	0.0011±0.0005
	ND	0.1365±0.0093	0.0519±0.0004	−0.018±0.0004	-
	WL	18.2546±0.0905	−5.9027±0.3693	−0.0166±0.0005	-
	WD	12.1592±0.2827	0.1085±0.0068	0.0018±0.0007	-
7/8H	DJ	15.3112±0.5398	0.0122±0.0027	0.0336±0.0058	0.0011±0.0009
	ND	0.1466±0.0136	0.0453±0.0005	0.0058±0.0003	-
	WL	20.8029±0.1575	−7.9901±0.6494	−0.0172±0.0008	-
	WD	12.6105±0.4614	0.1329±0.0106	0.0018±0.0001	-
G	DJ	9.9583±1.8235	0.0265±0.0138	0.0474±0.0099	0.0014±0.0004
	ND	0.0700±0.0058	0.0724±0.0003	0.0020±0.0001	-
	WL	16.8874±0.0811	−13.0033±1.1265	−0.0186±0.0004	-
	WD	10.2919±0.3979	0.1284±0.0106	0.0021±0.0009	-
H	DJ	20.4244±0.1888	0.0144±0.0007	0.0339±0.0012	0.0012±0.0002
	ND	0.1392±0.0027	0.0315±0.0001	0.0043±0.0005	-
	WL	29.3186±0.0562	−13.5816±0.2316	−0.0243±0.0003	-
	WD	16.0160±0.1486	0.1601±0.0027	0.0020±0.0002	-

Genetic group	MY (kg)	LP (day)	MY₃₀₅ (kg)	PY (kg)	TP (kg)
1/2H	17.06b±2.57	319.78b±9.68	4725.48b±42.25	21.87b±2.61	91.65bc±7.83
1/4H	15.25c±2.59	297.91de±9.57	4062.91c±45.34	19.52c±2.67	84.95cd±7.68
3/4H	17.57a±2.51	338.36a±10.16	4944.21a±41.72	22.43a±2.53	99.07a±7.82
3/8H	15.11c±2.59	298.56cd±9.42	4052.39c±43.28	19.62c±2.66	77.97d±7.44
5/8H	15.12c±2.47	312.37bc±9.79	4085.80c±41.66	19.24c±2.52	83.71d±7.67
7/8H	17.66a±2.53	345.49a±10.54	4974.07a±42.38	22.63a±2.52	94.06b±7.66
G	12.52d±2.40	272.11e±10.37	3085.18d±41.91	16.83d±2.55	81.20d±7.46
H	17.76a±2.80	300.17de±10.77	4673.81b±47.09	22.83a±2.85	89.69bc±7.43

Genetic group	MY_WD (kg)	MY_WL (kg)	MY_305WD (kg)	MY_305WL (kg)	PY_WD (kg)	PY_WL (kg)	TP_WD (day)	TP_WL (day)	P_WD	P_WL
1/2H	17.76b±6.72	17.84b±6.68	5076.96b±34.84	4997.39b±40.64	19.78b±2.66	19.80c±2.60	83.71bc±7.25	89.51c±5.89	7.33b±1.05	4.35b±3.84
1/4H	15.29d±6.74	15.41d±6.66	4397.84c±109.69	4304.88c±125.61	17.84c±2.70	17.43d±2.62	80.28bd±6.97	90.02bc±5.72	7.27bc±1.10	3.81abc±3.61
3/4H	17.48c±6.15	14.67bc±6.11	5226.36a±28.87	5256.04a±33.90	20.49ab±2.87	20.19ab±2.48	78.82cd±7.12	90.90bc±6.11	7.48a±1.07	5.40c±3.77
3/8H	14.76d±6.41	14.67d±6.38	4405.00c±100.44	4268.73c±118.51	17.54c±2.61	17.53d±2.54	78.82cd±7.12	93.07ac±5.78	7.14c±1.06	3.61ab±3.53
5/8H	14.89d±6.12	14.85d±6.09	4414.91c±30.58	4350.73c±35.20	17.37c±2.51	17.44d±2.45	79.29d±7.14	89.55c±5.83	7.15c±1.07	3.10a±3.61
7/8H	17.35c±6.07	17.37c±6.02	5227.62a±56.03	5261.50a±65.40	20.66ab±2.56	20.51ab±2.54	86.55ab±7.07	94.60ab±5.73	7.34b±1.34	5.53c±3.82
G	13.86e±5.98	13.39e±5.72	3674.44d±105.25	3485.15d±125.06	15.22d±2.50	14.86e±2.41	79.63d±7.25	94.45ab±5.72	7.35ab±1.20	3.03ab±3.64
H	23.66a±7.88	25.23a±6.67	5202.36ab±75.87	5182.97ab±89.21	21.12a±2.96	21.21a±2.83	83.56bd±7.50	99.08a±6.28	7.21bc±1.25	4.70bc±3.84

Trait	Breed effect	Heterosis effect	Recombination effect
MY (kg)	8.28±0.45^* ***** P<0.001.	3.33±0.27^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.80±0.36^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_WD (kg)	10.51±0.51^* ***** P<0.001.	4.25±0.30^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.47±0.38^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_WL (kg)	9.78±0.51^* ***** P<0.001.	3.86±0.30^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.77±0.32^* ***** P<0.001.
LP (day)	56.19±7.27^* ***** P<0.001.	3.30±4.49	19.79±6.61^ P<0.01;
MY₃₀₅ (kg)	2651.84±131.77^* ***** P<0.001.	945.62±79.17^* ***** P<0.001.	−430.14±106.19^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_305WD (kg)	2920.53±115.12^* ***** P<0.001.	826.84±75.18^* ***** P<0.001.	−755.02±15.90^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_305WL (kg)	2800.41±102.96^* ***** P<0.001.	907.29±66.01^* ***** P<0.001.	−846.15±98.04^* ***** P<0.001.
PY (kg)	9.65±0.49^* ***** P<0.001.	3.64±0.29^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.81±0.46^* ***** P<0.001.
PY_WD (kg)	10.94±0.57^* ***** P<0.001.	4.90±0.33^* ***** P<0.001.	−3.62±0.41^* ***** P<0.001.
PY_WL (Kg)	10.12±0.62^* ***** P<0.001.	4.33±0.36^* ***** P<0.001.	−3.22±0.44^* ***** P<0.001.
TP (day)	16.57±5.12^* ***** P<0.001.	7.07±2.52^* ***** P<0.001.	2.25±4.71
TP_WD (day)	19.27±4.48^* ***** P<0.001.	2.53±2.62	2.84±3.19
TP_WL (day)	9.38±4.28^* * P<0.05;	8.15±2.47^* ***** P<0.001.	11.83±2.91^* ***** P<0.001.
P_WD	0.13±0.11	−0.18±0.07^ P<0.01;	−0.26±0.13^* * P<0.05;
P_WL	0.59±1.66	−1.82±1.28	−3.93±2.05^* * P<0.05;

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E-mail: rbz@sbz.org.br

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[1] * Corresponding author: jaime.cobuci@ufrgs.br

Trait	Breed effect	Heterosis effect	Recombination effect
MY (kg)	8.28±0.45^* ***** P<0.001.	3.33±0.27^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.80±0.36^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_WD (kg)	10.51±0.51^* ***** P<0.001.	4.25±0.30^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.47±0.38^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_WL (kg)	9.78±0.51^* ***** P<0.001.	3.86±0.30^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.77±0.32^* ***** P<0.001.
LP (day)	56.19±7.27^* ***** P<0.001.	3.30±4.49	19.79±6.61^ P<0.01;
MY₃₀₅ (kg)	2651.84±131.77^* ***** P<0.001.	945.62±79.17^* ***** P<0.001.	−430.14±106.19^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_305WD (kg)	2920.53±115.12^* ***** P<0.001.	826.84±75.18^* ***** P<0.001.	−755.02±15.90^* ***** P<0.001.
MY_305WL (kg)	2800.41±102.96^* ***** P<0.001.	907.29±66.01^* ***** P<0.001.	−846.15±98.04^* ***** P<0.001.
PY (kg)	9.65±0.49^* ***** P<0.001.	3.64±0.29^* ***** P<0.001.	−2.81±0.46^* ***** P<0.001.
PY_WD (kg)	10.94±0.57^* ***** P<0.001.	4.90±0.33^* ***** P<0.001.	−3.62±0.41^* ***** P<0.001.
PY_WL (Kg)	10.12±0.62^* ***** P<0.001.	4.33±0.36^* ***** P<0.001.	−3.22±0.44^* ***** P<0.001.
TP (day)	16.57±5.12^* ***** P<0.001.	7.07±2.52^* ***** P<0.001.	2.25±4.71
TP_WD (day)	19.27±4.48^* ***** P<0.001.	2.53±2.62	2.84±3.19
TP_WL (day)	9.38±4.28^* * P<0.05;	8.15±2.47^* ***** P<0.001.	11.83±2.91^* ***** P<0.001.
P_WD	0.13±0.11	−0.18±0.07^ P<0.01;	−0.26±0.13^* * P<0.05;
P_WL	0.59±1.66	−1.82±1.28	−3.93±2.05^* * P<0.05;