Castillo et al. (2010)55. Castillo EP, Coy PEC, Shejet FO, Duran ET, Cabrera DM. Evaluación de funciones
cognitivas: atención y memoria en pacientes con trastorno de pánico. Salud Ment.
2010;33:481-8.
|
24 PD24 C |
13/1113/11 |
30.930 |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
- Digit span (DS)- Block Design- Stroop- Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT)- Facial
Recognition Test- Word list, free and cued recall |
Patients with PD showed deficits in executive functions, attention regarding the selection of
relevant stimuli and working memory. Global scores for memory, attention and executive functions
were lower than in the control group. |
Lucas et al. (1991)66. Lucas JA, Telch MJ, Bigler ED. Memory functioning in panic disorder: a
neuropsychological perspective. J Anxiety Disord. 1991;5:l-20.
|
25 PD25 C |
04/2104/21 |
34.735 |
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
- Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)- Selective Reminding(SR)- Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT)-
Four subtests of WAIS-R: Picture Completion, Vocabulary, Block Design, Similarities |
Patients showed deficits in both functions evaluated. With respect to general intellectual
functioning, their scores were lower in performance tests. PD patients also showed deficits in
visual memory. |
Gladsjo et al. (1998)77. Gladsjo JA, Rapaport MH, McKinney R, Lucas JA, Rabin A, Oliver T, et al. A
neuropsychological study of panic disorder: negative findings. J Affect Disord.
1998;49:123-31.
|
69 PD19 C |
37/32/ |
40.642.8 |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
X |
|
- Some subtests of the WAIS-R battery: DS, Vocabulary, Information, Arithmetic, Similarities,
Picture Completion, Block Design, Digit Symbol- Verbal Fluency- California Verbal Learning Test
(CVLT)- Continuous Visual Memory Test (CVMT)- Visual Selective Reminding Test (VSRT)- Warrington
Recognition Memory Test (RMT)- Digit Vigilance- Trail-making test (TMT)- Finger Tapping Test |
Of all the functions evaluated, the authors found deficits only in general intellectual
functioning among patients with PD, who scored nearly 10 points lower than the control group in the
verbal aspect, in performance and in total score. Memory, attention, psychomotor skills, processing
speed and verbal fluency were preserved. |
Asmundson et al. (1995)88. Asmundson GJ, Stein MB, Larsen DK, Walker JR. Neurocognitive function in panic
disorder and social phobia patients. Anxiety. 1994-1995;1:201-7.
|
18 PD18 SP16 C |
10/813/59/7 |
35.438.434.9 |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
- Four subtests of the WAIS-R battery: Vocabulary, Similarities, Block Design, Picture
Completion- CVLT- BVRT- TMT- Digit Cancellation Test (DCT) |
Patients with PD exhibited deficits in processing speed and short-term memory free recall. The
authors found a possible deficit in visuospatial ability, but this proved inconsistent. Attention,
executive functions and visual memory were preserved. |
Boldrini et al. (2005)99. Boldrini M, Del Pace L, Placidi GP, Keilp J, Ellis SP, Signori S, et al.
Selective cognitive deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder compared to panic disorder with
agoraphobia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111:150-8.
|
25 OCD15 PD15 C |
15/106/97/8 |
32.735.929.1 |
X |
X |
|
X |
|
|
|
- Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)- Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA)- RCFT- Facial
Recognition Test (BFRT)- Corsi Block Tapping Task (CBT)- DS- Buschke-Fuld Selective Reminding Test
(SRT)- Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) |
The authors only found deficits in spatial memory in patients with PD. General intellectual
functioning and executive functions were preserved. |
Kaplan et al. (2006)1010. Kaplan JS, Erickson K, Luckenbaugh DA, Weiland-Fiedler P, Geraci M, Sahakian BJ,
et al. Differential performance on tasks of affective processing and decision-making in patients
with panic disorder and panic disorder with comorbid major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord.
2006;95:165-71.
|
22 PD22 C |
7/157/15 |
36.236.9 |
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
X |
- Two-subtest version of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence- Seven subtests from the
Cambridge NeuropsychologicalTest Automated Battery (CANTAB)- Spatial Working Memory (SWM)- Pattern
Recognition Memory (PRM)- Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM)- Delayed Match to Sample (DMTS)- Rapid
Visual Information Processing (RVIP)- Cambridge Gamble Task- Affective Go/No-go Task |
Patients with PD showed no deficits in any of the functions evaluated. Memory, attention,
executive functions, psychomotor skills, processing speed and processing affective were
preserved. |
Purcell et al. (1998)1111. Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C. Neuropsychological deficits in
obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison with unipolar depression, panic disorder, and normal
controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:415-23.
|
30 OCD30 PD20 DEP30 C |
20/206/248/1212/18 |
40.638.937.540.8 |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
- CANTAB- Spatial Span- SWM- Tower of London Planning Task- DMTS- Pattern Recognition- Spatial
Recognition- Intradimensional-Extradimensional (ID-ED) Set Shift |
The authors found that memory, attention and executive functions were unchanged in PD
patients. |
Dratcul et al. (1998)1212. Dratcu L, Bond A. Panic patients in the non-panic state: physiological and
cognitive dysfunction. Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13:18-25.
|
14 PD7 C |
4/102/5 |
32.435.1 |
|
X |
X |
|
X |
|
|
- Digit Cancellation- Symbol Copying Test (SCT)- Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)- DS- Free
Recall |
The authors found alterations only in relation to memory (both immediate and delayed recall) in
PD patients. Attention and executive functions were preserved. |
Airaksinen et al. (2004)1313. Airaksinen E, Larsson M, Forsell Y. Neuropsychological functions in anxiety
disorders in population-based samples: evidence of episodic memory dysfunction. J Psychiatr Res.
2005;39:207-14.
|
33 PD32 SP7 GAD16 OCD24 SPEC175 C |
7/2610/222/54/128/1689/86 |
43.63841.735.743.243.9 |
|
X |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
- Episodic information to be remembered consisted by 32 neutral words -according to norms
established by Nilsson (1973)- Word Association Test- TMT |
The authors found deficits in episodic memory and executive functions in patients with PD.
However, aspects of psychomotor skills, processing speed and verbal fluency were preserved. |
Gordeev (2008)1414. Gordeev SA. Cognitive functions and the state of nonspecific brain systems in
panic disorders. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2008;38:707-14.
|
93 PD36 C |
30/6312/24 |
31.230.1 |
|
X |
X |
|
|
|
|
- Münsterberg Test- Schulte tables- Short-term memory was tested for words |
The authors found memory deficits with regard to words and numbers memory and also in attention,
as regards selectivity and stability of attention. |
Lautenbacher et al. (2002)1515. Lautenbacher S, Spernal J, Krieg JC. Divided and selective attention in panic
disorder A comparative study of patients with panic disorder, major depression and healthy controls.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;252:210-3.
|
21 PD21 DEP20 C |
66%F57%F60%F |
30.53934.6 |
|
|
X |
|
|
|
|
- Gesichtsfeld-/Neglectprüfung test of the Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP)- Signal
Detection subtest of the Wiener Test system |
The authors evaluated the attention function and found deficits in divided attention and
preservation of selective attention. |
Gorini et al. (2010)1616. Gorini A, Schruers K, Riva G, Griez E. Nonhomogeneous results in place learning
among panic disorder patients with agoraphobia. Psychiatry Res. 2010;179:297-305.
|
31 PD31 C |
7/2412/19 |
35.5230.23 |
|
|
|
|
X |
|
|
- C-G Arena, a desktop-based computer-generated virtual space created to investigate
place-learning abilities in humans |
With regard to psychomotor skills and processing speed, the authors found changes in time and
distance traveled to find the target, which was the goal of the task. However, these changes were
characteristic of a subset of patients (older and longer duration of PD). |
Lundh et al. (1998)1717. Lundh LG, Thulin U, Czyzykow S, Ost LG. Recognition bias for safe faces in panic
disorder with agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:323-37.
|
30 PD30 C |
11/1911/19 |
34.133.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
- Study 1:Black and white photographs of 80 persons (40 men, 40 women) were taken from a larger
material originally used by BaÈckman (1991).- Study 2: The photographs t used were the same as
in Study 1 and in the earlier studies by Lundh and Oèst (1996a, 1996b) |
The function of affective processing demonstrated that patients with PD showed bias for safe
faces, but not to critical faces. |
Reinecke et al. (2011)1818. Reinecke A, Cooper M, Favaron E, Massey-Chase R, Harmer C. Attentional bias in
untreated panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185:387-93.
|
23 PD22 C |
70%F13%F |
28.626.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
- Facial Expression Recognition task- Faces Dot Probe task- Emotional Stroop task- Self Beliefs
task |
On assessment of affective processing, the authors found that patients with PD have greater
vigilance to fearful faces, thus showing a bias for faces. |
Neidhardt et al. (1998)1919. Neidhardt E, Florin I. Do patients with panic disorder show a memory bias?
Psychother Psychosom. 1998;67:71-4.
|
60 PD60 C |
31/2927/33 |
3434.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
- Sixty words with either positive nor negative valence from two semantic categories
(panic-related vs. no-panic-related) formed four word classes. |
The authors evaluated affective processing of PD patients and found better performance for face
recognition. |
Pauli et al. (1997)2020. Pauli P, Dengler W, Wiedemann G, Montoya P, Flor H, Birbaumer N, et al.
Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for altered processing of anxiety-related words in panic
disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106:213-20.
|
15 PD15 C |
4/114/11 |
35.535.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
- Two types of word sets were relevant for this study: 40 body-related and 40 nonsomatic words.
Stimulus words were written in black lowercase letters on a white background and were presented by a
Kodak Carousel S-AV 2000 |
On assessment of affective processing, the authors found that patients with PD exhibit better
processing for words that are related to bodily sensations. |
Van den Heuvel et al. (2005)2121. van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP, Merkelbach J, Cath DC,
et al. Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive
disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:922-33.
|
18 OCD15PD14 HYP19 C |
6/128/712/210/9 |
33.433.740.630.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
X |
- Stroop |
The authors evaluated affective processing with respect to words and found that patients with PD
showed greater attention to information related to the disorder. |