Fyer et al., 198788. Fyer MR, Uy J, Martinez J, Goetz R, Klein DF, Fyer A, et al. CO2 challenge of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:1080-2.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Griez et al., 198799. Griez EJ, Lousberg H, van den Hout MA, van der Molen GM. CO2 vulnerability in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1987;20:87-95.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Lousberg et al., 19881010. Lousberg H, Griez E, van den Hout MA. Carbon dioxide chemosensitivity in panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;77:214-8.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
7% CO2
|
Sanderson et al., 19891111. Sanderson WC, Rapee RM, Barlow DH. The influence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:157-62.
|
Psychological factors |
5.5% CO2
|
Gorman et al., 19901212. Gorman JM, Papp LA, Martinez J, Goetz RR, Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, et al. High-dose carbon dioxide challenge test in anxiety disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28:743-57.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Papp et al., 19931313. Papp LA, Klein DF, Martinez J, Schneier F, Cole R, Liebowitz MR, et al. Diagnostic and substance specificity of carbon-dioxide-induced panic. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:250-7.
|
Physiological stress |
35% CO2
|
Zandbergen et al., 19911414. Zandbergen J, Pols H, de Loof C, Griez EJ. Ventilatory response to CO2 in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1991;39:13-9.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Griez et al., 19901515. Griez E, de Loof C, Pols H, Zandbergen J, Lousberg H. Specific sensitivity of patients with panic attacks to carbon dioxide inhalation. Psychiatry Res. 1990;31:193-9.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Zandbergen et al., 19911616. Zandbergen J, Pols H, Fernandez I, Griez E. An analysis of panic symptoms during hypercarbia compared to hypocarbia in patients with panic attacks. J Affect Disord. 1991;23:131-6.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Gorman et al., 19941717. Gorman JM, Papp LA, Coplan JD, Martinez JM, Lennon S, Goetz RR, et al. Anxiogenic effects of CO2 and hyperventilation in patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:547-53.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
7% CO2
|
Perna et al., 19951818. Perna G, Barbini B, Cocchi S, Bertani A, Gasperini M. 35% CO2 challenge in panic and mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 1995;33:189-94.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
35% CO2
|
Perna et al., 19951919. Perna G, Gabriele A, Caldirola D, Bellodi L. Hypersensitivity to inhalation of carbon dioxide and panic attacks. Psychiatry Res. 1995;57:267-73.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Verburg et al., 19952020. Verburg K, Griez E, Meijer J, Pols H. Discrimination between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder by 35% carbon dioxide challenge. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1081-3.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
35% CO2
|
Verburg et al., 19982121. Verburg K, Klaassen T, Pols H, Griez E. Comorbid depressive disorder increases vulnerability to the 35% carbon dioxide (CO2) challenge in panic disorder patients. J Affect Disord. 1998;49:195-201.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
35% CO2
|
Battaglia et al., 19952222. Battaglia M, Perna G. The 35% CO2 challenge in panic disorder: optimization by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 1995;29:111-9.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Schmidt et al., 19962323. Schmidt NB, Telch MJ, Jaimez TL. Biological challenge manipulation of PCO2 levels: a test of Klein's (1993) suffocation alarm theory of panic. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;105:446-54.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
Hyperventilation |
Schmidt, 19992424. Schmidt NB. Examination of differential anxiety sensitivities in panic disorder: a test of anxiety sensitivity subdomains predicting fearful responding to a 35% CO2 challenge. Cognit Ther Res. 1999;23:3-20.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Welkowitz et al., 19992525. Welkowitz LA, Papp L, Martinez J, Browne S, Gorman JM. Instructional set and physiological response to CO2 inhalation. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:745-8.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia, cognitive instructions |
5 and 7% CO2
|
Sasaki et al., 19962626. Sasaki I, Akiyoshi J, Sakurai R, Tsutsumi T, Ono H, Yamada K, et al. Carbon dioxide induced panic attack in panic disorder in Japan. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996;20:1145-57.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
5% CO2
|
Perna et al., 19942727. Perna G, Battaglia M, Garberi A, Arancio C, Bertani A, Bellodi L. Carbon dioxide/oxygen challenge test in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1994;52:159-71.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Bocola et al., 19982828. Bocola V, Trecco MD, Fabbrini G, Paladini C, Sollecito A, Martucci N. Antipanic effect of fluoxetine measured by CO2 challenge test. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:612-5.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
7% CO2
|
Sanderson et al., 19882929. Sanderson WC, Rapee RM, Barlow DH. Panic induction via inhalation of 5.5% CO2 enriched air: a single subject analysis of psychological and physiological effects. Behav Res Ther. 1988;26:333-5.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
5.5% CO2
|
Verburg et al., 19983030. Verburg K, Pols H, de Leeuw M, Griez E. Reliability of the 35% carbon dioxide panic provocation challenge. Psychiatry Res. 1998;78:207-14.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Biber et al., 19993131. Biber B, Alkin T. Panic disorder subtypes: differential responses to CO2 challenge. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:739-44.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Nardi et al., 20063232. Nardi AE, Valença AM, Mezzasalma MA, Lopes FL, Nascimento I, Veras AB, et al. 35% Carbon dioxide and breath-holding challenge tests in panic disorder: a comparison with spontaneous panic attacks. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23:236-44.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia, PD subtypes |
35% CO2
|
Nardi et al., 20023333. Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, Zin WA, Versiani M. Carbon dioxide test in respiratory panic disorder subtype. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:685-6.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Nardi et al., 20063434. Nardi AE, Valença AM, Lopes FL, Nascimento I, Veras AB, Freire RC, et al. Psychopathological profile of 35% CO2 challenge test-induced panic attacks: a comparison with spontaneous panic attacks. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47:209-14.
|
Compare induced and spontaneous PAs |
35% CO2
|
Freire et al., 20083535. Freire RC, Lopes FL, Valença AM, Nascimento I, Veras AB, Mezzasalma MA, et al. Panic disorder respiratory subtype: a comparison between responses to hyperventilation and CO2 challenge tests. Psychiatry Res. 2008;157:307-10.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia, PD subtypes |
35% CO2
|
Valenca et al., 20023636. Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Zin WA, Versiani M. Respiratory panic disorder subtype and sensitivity to the carbon dioxide challenge test. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002;35:783-8.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia, PD subtypes |
35% CO2
|
Papp et al., 20013737. Papp LA, Goetz R, Cole R, Klein DF, Jordan F, Liebowitz MR, et al. Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:779-81.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
5% CO2
|
Gorman et al., 20013838. Gorman JM, Kent J, Martinez J, Browne S, Coplan J, Papp LA. Physiological changes during carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with panic disorder, major depression, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a central fear mechanism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:125-31.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
5 and 7% CO2
|
Kent et at., 20013939. Kent JM, Papp LA, Martinez JM, Browne ST, Coplan JD, Klein DF, et al. Specificity of panic response to CO(2) inhalation in panic disorder: a comparison with major depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:58-67.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
5 and 7% CO2
|
Blechert et al., 20104040. Blechert J, Wilhelm FH, Meuret AE, Wilhelm EM, Roth WT. Respiratory, autonomic, and experiential responses to repeated inhalations of 20% CO(2) enriched air in panic disorder, social phobia, and healthy controls. Biol Psychol. 2010;84:104-11.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
20% CO2
|
Schutters et al., 20124141. Schutters SI, Viechtbauer W, Knuts IJ, Griez EJ, Schruers KR. 35% CO2 sensitivity in social anxiety disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26:479-86.
|
Compare sensitivity to hypercapnia between different psychiatric disorders |
35% CO2
|
Valença et al., 20014242. Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Mezassalma MA, Lopes FL, Zin WA. [Carbon dioxide-induced panic attacks: clinical-phenomenologic study]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2001;23:15-20.
|
Compare induced and spontaneous panic attacks |
35% CO2
|
Perna et al., 20034343. Perna G, Romano P, Caldirola D, Cucchi M, Bellodi L. Anxiety sensitivity and 35% CO2 reactivity in patients with panic disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54:573-7.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
van Beek et al., 20034444. van Beek N, Perna G, Schruers K, Verburg K, Cucchi M, Bellodi L, et al. Vulnerability to 35% CO2 of panic disorder patients with a history of respiratory disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2003;120:125-30.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Niccolai et al., 20084545. Niccolai V, van Duinen MA, Griez EJ. Objective and subjective measures in recovery from a 35% carbon dioxide challenge. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53:737-44.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
35% CO2
|
Rassovsky et al., 20064646. Rassovsky Y, Abrams K, Kushner MG. Suffocation and respiratory responses to carbon dioxide and breath holding challenges in individuals with panic disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60:291-8.
|
Sensitivity to hypercapnia |
5% CO2
|
Lopes et al., 20104747. Lopes FL, Oliveira MM, Freire RC, Caldirola D, Perna G, Bellodi L, et al. Carbon dioxide-induced panic attacks and quantitative electroencephalogram in panic disorder patients. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11:357-63.
|
Electroencephalogram |
35% CO2
|