Alcohol |
Attention, memory, learning, mental flexibility, executive function, visual-spatial organization, psychomotor problems, impulsivity, and decision making.9797. Greydanus DE, Patel DR. The adolescent and substance abuse: current concepts. Dis Mon. 2005;51:392-431.,102102. Carlin AS, O'Malley S. Neuropsychological consequences of drug abuse. In: Grant I, Adams KM, editors. Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 486-503. Tremors and convulsions may occur during withdrawal from alcohol and other sedative-hypnotic drugs.100100. Greene JP, Ahrendt D, Stafford EM. Adolescent abuse of other drugs. Adolesc Med Clin. 2006;17:283-318. |
Cannabis |
Prolonged use can result in cognitive deficits,9797. Greydanus DE, Patel DR. The adolescent and substance abuse: current concepts. Dis Mon. 2005;51:392-431. including impairment in integration of complex information, attention and memory, manual dexterity, learning, and decision making.9999. Foley JD. Adolescent use and misuse of marijuana. Adolesc Med Clin. 2006;17:319-34. |
Cocaine and psychostimulants |
Impairments in attention, concentration, memory, visual and verbal learning, verbal fluency, visual-motor integration, executive functions and decision making.100100. Greene JP, Ahrendt D, Stafford EM. Adolescent abuse of other drugs. Adolesc Med Clin. 2006;17:283-318. Seizures may occur after use of cocaine9797. Greydanus DE, Patel DR. The adolescent and substance abuse: current concepts. Dis Mon. 2005;51:392-431. and high doses of stimulants. Adolescents who chronically abuse amphetamines and other stimulants can develop tremors.9797. Greydanus DE, Patel DR. The adolescent and substance abuse: current concepts. Dis Mon. 2005;51:392-431. |
Solvents |
Impairments in attention/concentration, memory, psychomotor retardation, visual-spatial functions, acquiring new information, executive functions, planning and manual dexterity. Peripheral neuropathy and tremor can develop as the result of chronic inhalant use or abuse, often due to direct damage to the nervous system.101101. Williams JF, Kokotailo PK. Abuse of proprietary (over-the-counter) drugs. Adolesc Med Clin. 2006;17:733-50; abstract xiii. |
LSD |
Impairments in attention, abstraction, mental flexibility, memory, learning, executive functions, and visual-spatial orientation.103103. Morgan MJ. Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of its possible persistent psychological effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;152:230-48. |
Ecstasy (MDMA) |
Impairments in complex attention, problem solving, verbal and visual memory, working memory, and executive functions.103. Morgan MJ. Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of its possible persistent psychological effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;152:230-48. 104. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Daumann J. Neurotoxicity of methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans: how strong is the evidence for persistent brain damage? Addiction. 2006;101:348-61. 103-105105. Schilt T, de Win MM, Koeter M, Jager G, Korf DJ, van den Brink W, et al. Cognition in novice ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugs: a prospective cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:728-36. |